Open Veterinary Journal, (2025), Vol. 15(7): 3325-3333

Research Article

10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.44

Using ginseng as a nutritional supplement in the quail diet and studying its effect on productive and physiological performance

Alice L. Yousif¹, Anwar M. Al-Hamed^2* and Afrah Y. Jasim^1,3

¹Center of Technical Research, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq

²College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

*Corresponding Author: Anwar M. Al-Hamed. College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Email: dr.anwaralhamed [at] uomosul.edu.iq

Submitted: 11/03/2025 Revised: 21/06/2025 Accepted: 24/06/2025 Published: 31/07/2025

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ABSTRACT

Background: Ginseng Withania somnifera is an effective component in the manufacture of certain medicines because it contains the active substances panaxosides and ginsenoside, which are antioxidants and have a tendency to increase the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, as well as the presence of phenols, peptides, and acidic sugars. All of this enhances birds’ internal and physiological environment and thus increases productive performance.

Aim: Evaluation of adding ginseng as a nutritional supplement instead of antibiotics as a nutritional means to improve the productive performance and physiological environment of quails.

Methods: The research was conducted at the Technology Research Center/University of North Nineveh—Iraq. A total of 120 quails with an initial weight of 26 gm at 2 weeks old were randomly divided into four treatment groups, with three replicates for each treatment, and red ginseng root powder was added to the basal diet of birds with the following treatments: T2: 1.3, T3: 1.8, T4: 2.3%, T1: 0% (control group). All chicks were housed in cages, and measurements were taken for productive characteristics, and the physiological parameters were examined in the laboratory.

Results: The statistical analysis›s findings were: There was a significant increase in weight gain, a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio, a significant dressing weight, and a decrease in abdominal fat percentage. Blood characteristics improved as cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly, whereas high-density lipoprotein, total blood protein, albumin, hemoglobin, platelets, and white blood cell counts increased significantly.

Conclusion: Using ginseng as a diet (2.3 %) as a nutritional supplement improves bird productivity and blood parameters.

Keywords: Ginseng, Carcass, Productive performance, Physiological performance, Quail.

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Introduction

With the progress of the poultry industry, it has become necessary to use administrative techniques to raise the productive performance of domesticsuch as quail, an important source for producing meat and eggs at low costs. The domesticated wild bird is characterized by its small size, weight, rapid growth, and good metabolic efficiency. This has made it an economic and experienced bird suitable for intensive breeding in a small area unit, in addition to the short generation period, as the female quail begins laying eggs at the age of (35–41) days (Jassim, 2011), and the egg incubation period ranges from 16 to 18 days, with a production of approximately 250–300 eggs annually. It is also a dual-purpose bird, and it is characterized by its resistance to environmental conditions and breeding conditions.

In recent years, the use of antibiotics in poultry feed has been limited due to their accumulation in tissues, which prompted researchers to exploit medical plants as feed additives and nutritional supplements for growth that maintain the balance of the internal environment, enhance growth, and improve performance while raising the general health of the flock (Chung et al., 2014; Al-Hamed and Al-Naimi, 2018; Al-Muslimawi and Ibrahim, 2019; Al-Hamed and Al-Taie, 2021; Rasheed et al., 2021; Yousif et al., 2023) as they have antioxidant effects (Yildirim et al., 2013; Al-Jalabi, 2019), and among these plants is Panax Ginseng, one of the most famous medical herbal plants around the world (Han et al., 2006), and the ginseng falls within the category of adaptogen, which are known in herbal medicine as a natural substance that can resist biological, physical, and chemical stress within the body (Nocerino et al., 2000). The active ingredients in ginseng are ginsenoside, which are a type of steroidal glycoside and saponin. Ginseng contains minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, thallium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, strontium, cobalt, and vanadium (Zucchi et al., 2005; Qi et al., 2011), vitamins such as B complex (B1, B2, B3, B12), and vitamins A and C. It also contains phenolic compounds such as vanillic acid, P-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid (Liu et al., 2002). It also contains carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances, plant sterols, essential oils, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and peptides, as well as simple sugars (Xie et al., 2005; Luo, 2009), tannins, flavonoids, volatile oils, and alkaloids (Liu et al., 2020), and therefore, its use as feed additives has increased recently (Al-Taie, 2021). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of dietary ginseng as a nutritional management method to increase productive performance and improve carcass specifications and blood properties in quail.

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Materials and Methods

A total of 120 quails at 7 days of age were used, randomly distributed to the cages into 4 treatments (3 replicate/treatment, 10 equal/replicate). Ginseng root powder was added to the basal diet of treatments at zero, 1.3%, 1.8%, and 2.3%. A closed hall equipped with fans and extractors was used for ventilation and removing gases, as the hall was provided with a source of heating in the first days of incubation. Each replication of the experiment was represented by a breeding cage with a distance of 50 x 50 x 50 cm³, in which the quail were given the proper veterinarian attention and supervision. First, the ingredient composition and nutrient content of the basal diet should be mentioned, and then the energy and protein calculations for the diet are downloaded. The meal had a consistent content of 3,016.57 Kcals of metabolized energy and 22.64% crude protein. All chicks were continually fed and provided with water.

During the experimental period, the amount of feed consumed, mortality rate, feed conversion ratio, and carcass measurements, including carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight of the pieces and edible organs in relation to the prepared carcass weight, consumed viscera, and belly fat, as well as blood physiological characteristics. Statistical analysis was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), and the means were compared according to Duncan’s test (Duncan, 1955) at a significance level (p ≤ 0.05) for all the characteristics covered by the study.

BW=Body weight (mg)

BWG=Weight at the end of the week - Weight at the beginning of the week

Feed consumption=Feed provided − leftover feed

FCR=Feed conversion ratio (gm feed/gm weight body gain).

Dressing %=(dressing weight/preslaughter live body weight) 100.

At week 5 of age, blood samples (2 ml) were collected between 10:00 and 11:00 am from the jugular vein of 4 quails/treatment and randomly divided into heparinized and nonheparinized samples. Clotted blood samples were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 minutes, and serum was isolated from the samples, stored (20°C), and frozen until biochemical analysis. Samples were used for determining hematological parameters of nonclotted blood, including red blood cell count, hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV). Total proteins and albumin were measured in serum using spectrophotometry, and globulin levels were calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. Serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured using kits from CALTECH Diagnostics, Inc., (CAL) Chino. ANOVA: A CRD was used. (SAS, 2009) to analyze the data, Duncan multiplies the range test for the differences between treatments (Steele and Torrie, 1960) at (p ≤ 0.05), and according to the equation model:

Since Y_ij=value of treats, µ=average of treats, Ti=treatment effect, and E_ij=impact of experimental error.

Ethical approval

The study was conducted, and the research samples were collected by the Technical Research Center - Northern Technical University Laboratories/Nineveh, with the approval of the Ethics and Animal Care Committee under No. UM.VET.2023.144 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul.

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Results

Productive traits

Although there were no significant differences ( Fig. 1) between the treatments containing ginseng (zero, 1.3, 1.8, and 2.3%) in live body weight at the age of broilers 14, 21, and 28 days, with the advancement of the age of the quail at 35 and 42 days, a significant increase was observed for this trait in treated groups with ginseng with average weights (176.27, 170.77, and 171.45 g) compared to (156.44 g) in control, as well as (222.6, 218.93, and 219.61) gm compared to (186.57 g) for the previously pelleted treatments and for two weeks, respectively.

Table 1 shows that weight gain ginseng additives did not significantly affect the weight gain of quails on the fourteenth day of age, but on (21, 28, and 35) days of age. The weight gain of quails increased significantly in the three treated groups with ginseng and reached (50.32, 48.22, and 52.16) g compared to the control in the addition treatments (1.3, 1.8, and 2.3)% ginseng in the feed and reached (50.32, 48.22, and 52.16) gm compared to the value (42.17) gm.

In addition, (54.00, 57.11, and 56.12) gm, respectively, compared with (48.12) gm for the same weeks. From the table, it was noted that the highest increase in total weight was observed when birds were fed rations containing ginseng, as recorded (187.83, 183.63, and 188.94) gm/b, which significantly (p ≤ 0.05) outperformed the (158.57 gm) value in the control group.

Fig. 1. Impact of gensing supplement on life body weight (g) at different age.

Table 1. Impact of ginseng supplement on quail average of weight gain (gm).

Figure 2 shows that there is no significant effect on feed consumption of raised quails between the treatments containing ginseng and the control group during the age periods of rearing (14, 21, 28, and 35 days) as well as for the total rearing period (7–42) days. This constitutes a positive response as the quantities of feed consumed are equal in contrast to a significant increase in weight for the treatments that were subjected to preparing the feed with ginseng, which indicates an increase in the rate of benefit from it, and this is what Table 2 confirms.

As for Table 2, there is no significant effect of adding different levels of ginseng to the diets on the feed conversion ratio trait for the age period (1–14) days, while there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvement in the feed conversion ratio for quails when adding ginseng at a rate of (1.3, 1.8, and 2.3)% to the feed for the age periods (14–21), (21–28), and (28–35) days, as the birds eating feeds containing ginseng recorded a significant decrease in this trait compared to the quails in the control, and the feed conversion ratio also decreased for the total period (7–42) days, as it reached (1.49, 1.51, and 1.88) gm weight gain/gm feed compared to the control, which reached (1.71) gm weight gain/g feed. This resulted from consuming equal amounts of feed in the ginseng addition treatments compared to the control (Figure 3) versus a significant increase in live body weight in the ginseng treatment groups (Fig. 1).

Fig. 2. Impact of ginseng supplement on the feed consumption of quail (gm).

Table 2. Impact of ginseng supplementation on feed conversion ratio (gm Feed/gm weight gain).

The impact of ginseng on carcass properties

According to Table 3, the weight percentage of the main carcass cuts of quail was significantly affected by the addition of ginseng powder to the feed. The weight percentage of the thighs as a percentage of carcass weight increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in both the third and fourth treatment groups supplemented with 1.8 and 2.3%, respectively, and the corresponding values were 24.97%, 23.36% than 21.37% in the control group. However, the weight percentage of the breast as a percentage of carcass weight increased significantly in the 2.3% addition treatment, as it reached 37.74%, compared to the control treatment and other treatments, which reached 34.85%, 34.18%, and 35.01%, respectively, while dietary supplementing inclusion of ginseng in the quail feed had no significant effect on the secondary carcass cuts (back, neck, and wings).

Table 4 shows that net percentage of dressing for the fourth group reached 72.11%, which increased significantly compared with the first, second, and third groups, reaching 66.06%, 66.30%, and 69.94%, respectively. It also showed that the percentage of fat decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) and reached (zero, 0.11) % of Carcass weight for the additions of (2.3, 1.8) % of ginseng to the feed. Table 4 also indicates that the weight of the intestines and the percentage of the heart, liver, and gizzards did not change significantly when ginseng was added to the quail feed in different proportions.

Impact of ginseng content on philological parameters

Table 5 shows that adding ginseng to the feed at different levels significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased serum lipid levels. The cholesterol level decreased significantly with increasing ginseng supplementation levels (1.3%, 1.8%, and 2.3%), reaching 80.21, 79.21, and 77.33 mg/100 gm, respectively, for the supplementation treatments, compared with 90.69 mg/100 gm in the control. In the same trend, triglycerides also significantly decreased, from 80.12 mg/100g in the control group to 79.21, 77.33, and 59.49 mg/100 g in the treated groups, respectively. The concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the fourth treatment group increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to 32.67 mg/100 gm, compared with the value of 26.11 mg/100g in the control group. Moreover, the amount of ginseng in the diet given to the birds in treatments 2, 3, and 4 led to a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC) in blood serum, with values reaching 2.59, 2.81, 2.37, and 3.43 mg/100 gm, respectively.

The concentrations of glucose, total protein, globulin, and albumin did not change significantly across the treatments under investigation, indicating that varying the amount of ginseng supplied to the diet had no effect on these biochemical parameters in the quails’ blood, (Table 6).

Table 7 shows that the Hb level and the number of white blood cells increased significantly in the third and fourth treatment groups supplemented with (1.8 and 2.3)% of ginseng, reaching 19.14 and 19.59 mg/100 gm and (28.21 and 27.98) mg/100 gm, compared to 17.44 and 23.22 mg/100g in the control group. From the results in the table, these values are due to the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and not platelets. Please correct and rewrite the result.

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Discussion

This study observed an improvement in production performance, which was due to the effect of adding ginseng as a nutritional supplement. The explanation for these results may be that ginseng powder regulates metabolic processes in the body (Kim et al., 2010; 2015). It also stimulates the secretion of steroid hormones that encourage and enhance growth (Kushwaha et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2017) and (AL-jouburi, 2016), in addition to its content of flavonoids and antioxidants that eliminate free radicals (Suhaib et al., 2015), which raised the health level (Table 7), and this was reflected in body weight and weight gain. These results were consistent with (Rasheed et al., 2018), who found that adding 500 mg/kg of feed ginseng significantly increases the average body weight compared to control feeds without ginseng. Elnaggar et al. (2022) also found a significant increase by adding ginseng at (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) gm/kg of total feed, while these results differed from (Chung and Choi, 2016) when using (1 and 2)% of ginseng, as well as (AL-Muslimawi and Ibrahim, 2019) when using a concentration of 8% in drinking water, While ( Elnaggar et al., 2022) found a significant increase when adding ginseng at an amount of (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) gm/kg of feed.

Table 3. Impact of ginseng supplement on carcass cuts % from carcass.

Table 4. Impact of ginseng supplementation on Quail carcass and edible entrails %.

Table 5. Impact of ginseng supplement on profile of blood serum lipids.

Table 6. Impact of ginseng supplementation on biochemical indicators of blood quail.

Table 7. Impact of ginseng supplementation on hematological traits.

Feed consumption was equal among treatments, as it did not differ significantly in the ginseng addition treatments compared to the control group in terms of weight gain, indicating an increase in the rate of utilization of nutrients as a result of increased metabolic rates, so it was used as an important factor that helps improve the activity of digestive enzymes, which supports intestinal health and improves the functions of the digestive system, thus increasing the rate of utilization of feed, which was reflected in productive performance (Saha et al., 2011; Chung et al., 2014). This result regarding feed consumption was consistent with (Chung and Choi, 2016), who stated that there were no significant differences between the treatment group supplemented with ginseng at a rate of 2% and the control in the feed consumption rate at the age of 28 days. In addition, the researcher (Singh et al., 2017) did not find any effect of the ginseng diet during the (42) day rearing period when adding ginseng at a rate of 250 mg/kg, and (Chikwa et al., 2018) when adding 1% ginseng root powder for the total period of 4–7 weeks of broiler chicken age.

The addition of ginseng reduced the feed conversion ratio as a result of the activity of metabolic processes and the development of the intestine, as previously mentioned. Furthermore, the improvement in the conversion ratio may be a result of consuming equal amounts of feed in the ginseng addition treatments compared to the control, versus a significant increase in live body weight of treatment groups, as these results agreed with (Vasanthakumar et al., 2015), who found that the feed conversion ratio decreased significantly using (0.15)% of ginseng root powder compared to the control, as well as (Abdallah et al., 2016) when adding (1.5 and 1)% ginseng compared to the control, also (Chikwa et al., 2018) found that adding 1% of ginseng roots had a significant decrease in feed conversion to 1.98 than 2.04 for the control. Our findings differed from those of Chung and Choi (2016), Singh et al. (2017), and Al-Taie (2021), who did not find any significant effect of adding ginseng on the feed conversion ratio in different weeks of the experiment and the final period of rearing (42) days.

The results in Table 5 show that some carcass characteristics improved significantly, including the weight of the main carcass cuts (breast and thighs), which were affected by the addition of ginseng powder to the feed in both the third and fourth groups compared with the control group. This may be due to please rephrase this phrase and refer to the role of ginseng in weight loss due to the improvement in muscle growth, which occurred in the chest and thigh cuts. Another improved characteristic was the net weight (dressing percentage), which was the net edible part of the carcass. The percentage of fat decreased significantly, reaching (0, 0.11) % of carcass weight in the third and fourth treatments. This improvement may be due to the presence of the desaturase enzyme found in ginseng roots, which helps to convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids, which helps to convert saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which affects the reduction of fat formation in the body (Arunachalam and Namadhapriya, 2011). This may be the reason for the increase in metabolic activities resulting from the use of ginseng, which reduces fat deposition in the abdominal area. On the other hand, the inclusion of ginseng in the quail feed had no significant effect on Secondary cuts (back, neck, and wings) and edible viscera (heart, liver, and gizzards), as well as the weight of intestines relative to the weight of the carcass did not change significantly when ginseng was added to the feed in different proportions. Table 7 shows that adding ginseng to the feed at varying rates led to an improvement in serum lipids, which indicates a higher level of health as a result of the improvement in the physiological environment of blood in quails, such as a decrease in cholesterol levels, high triglycerides, an improvement in HDL concentration, and a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) in the blood serum. It is believed that this improvement in the blood lipid profile was due to the presence of ginseng in the feed, as it acted as a cofactor that contributed to activating the desaturase enzyme, where saturated fatty acids are converted into unsaturated fatty acids, which had an effect in reducing the level of lipids in the blood (Arunachalam and Namadhapriya, 2011), which raises the health level of quails. Moreover, dietary supplementing with ginseng had no effect on the levels of glucose, total protein, globulin, and albumin, indicating that changing the amount of ginseng provided in the diet had no effect on the biochemical indicators in the blood of quails (Table 6).

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Conclusion

This study concluded that the presence of red ginseng root powder as a nutritional supplement as part of a feeding management strategy enhances productive performance, especially feed conversion ratio, and improves slaughter characteristics as it reduces the percentage of abdominal fat and can also enhance the physiological environment in the blood of quail.

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Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank the Research Department at the Northern Technical University in Mosul for providing the laboratory and equipment needed to conduct this experiment.

Funding

The authors receive no financial support for research, authorship, or publication of this article.

Author’s contributions

The first author (Alice L. Yousif): Practical experiment. The second author (Anwar M. Al-Hamed): Rating. Third (Afrah Y. Jasim): The library blood parameters. Revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the publication of this work.

Data availability

The data for the results of this study were obtained from the research work of the Research Center at the Northern Technical College and cannot be published directly by the researcher according to the policy of the research institution, as the researcher is part of the research center and is subject to its policies.

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