E-ISSN 2218-6050 | ISSN 2226-4485
 
2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 2
15 / 2Current Issue ArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles

Research Article


Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study

Essam S. Almutleb, Gamal A. El-hiti, Abdulmalik N. Alshulayyil, Abdullah D. Alghamdi, Meznah S. Almutairi, Mashaaer A. Baashen, Basal H. Altoaimi, Saud A. Alanazi, Ali M. Masmali.


Abstract
Background:
Maintaining a stable tear film is crucial for having healthy human and animal vision. Animals are expected to have thicker lipid layers than humans due to living in high-temperature and humid environments.
Aim:
The study aimed to evaluate the lipid layer patterns (LLP) in Arabian dogs and rabbits using a non-invasive, practical, and easy-to-use device and compare them to humans with healthy eyes.
Methods:
The study included 75 domestic Arabian dogs (42 males and 33 females; mean ± SD = 6.1 ± 12.7 months) and 75 rabbits (37 males and 38 females; mean ± SD = 3.1 ± 3.4 months). Additionally, 75 individuals with healthy eyes (39 males and 36 females; mean ± SD = 25.7 ± 5.0 years) were included for comparison. EASYTEAR View+ assessed the LLP in each animal's and individual's right eye.
Results:
The median LLP grades significantly differed between dogs and humans (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001). Similarly, the LLP grades differed significantly between rabbits and humans (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001). No significant difference (Mann-Whitney U test) in the LLP grades between dogs and rabbits was found. The analysis indicated that most dogs had either an A (34.7%) or a B grade (37.3%). Similarly, rabbits had predominantly A or 1 (46.7%) and B (30.7%) grades. On the other hand, humans had predominantly D (53.3%) and E (30.7%) grades.
Conclusion:
The EASYTEAR View+ has been employed to assess lipid layer patterns in dogs and rabbits, and the measurements were compared to those of humans with normal ocular health. Dogs and rabbits have thinner lipid layers than healthy humans.

Key words: dogs, rabbits, tear film, lipid layer patterns, dry eye


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Essam S. Almutleb
Articles by GAMAL A. EL-HITI
Articles by Abdulmalik N. Alshulayyil
Articles by Abdullah D. Alghamdi
Articles by Meznah S. Almutairi
Articles by Mashaaer A. Baashen
Articles by Basal H. Altoaimi
Articles by Saud A. Alanazi
Articles by Ali M. Masmali
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Almutleb ES, El-hiti GA, Alshulayyil AN, Alghamdi AD, Almutairi MS, Baashen MA, Altoaimi BH, Alanazi SA, Masmali AM. Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(3): 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15

Web Style

Almutleb ES, El-hiti GA, Alshulayyil AN, Alghamdi AD, Almutairi MS, Baashen MA, Altoaimi BH, Alanazi SA, Masmali AM. Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=183416 [Access: March 18, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Almutleb ES, El-hiti GA, Alshulayyil AN, Alghamdi AD, Almutairi MS, Baashen MA, Altoaimi BH, Alanazi SA, Masmali AM. Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(3): 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Almutleb ES, El-hiti GA, Alshulayyil AN, Alghamdi AD, Almutairi MS, Baashen MA, Altoaimi BH, Alanazi SA, Masmali AM. Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. Open Vet J. (2024), [cited March 18, 2025]; 14(3): 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


Harvard Style

Almutleb, E. S., El-hiti, . G. A., Alshulayyil, . A. N., Alghamdi, . A. D., Almutairi, . M. S., Baashen, . M. A., Altoaimi, . B. H., Alanazi, . S. A. & Masmali, . A. M. (2024) Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. Open Vet J, 14 (3), 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


Turabian Style

Almutleb, Essam S., Gamal A. El-hiti, Abdulmalik N. Alshulayyil, Abdullah D. Alghamdi, Meznah S. Almutairi, Mashaaer A. Baashen, Basal H. Altoaimi, Saud A. Alanazi, and Ali M. Masmali. 2024. Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (3), 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


Chicago Style

Almutleb, Essam S., Gamal A. El-hiti, Abdulmalik N. Alshulayyil, Abdullah D. Alghamdi, Meznah S. Almutairi, Mashaaer A. Baashen, Basal H. Altoaimi, Saud A. Alanazi, and Ali M. Masmali. "Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study." Open Veterinary Journal 14 (2024), 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Almutleb, Essam S., Gamal A. El-hiti, Abdulmalik N. Alshulayyil, Abdullah D. Alghamdi, Meznah S. Almutairi, Mashaaer A. Baashen, Basal H. Altoaimi, Saud A. Alanazi, and Ali M. Masmali. "Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study." Open Veterinary Journal 14.3 (2024), 879-884. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Almutleb, E. S., El-hiti, . G. A., Alshulayyil, . A. N., Alghamdi, . A. D., Almutairi, . M. S., Baashen, . M. A., Altoaimi, . B. H., Alanazi, . S. A. & Masmali, . A. M. (2024) Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (3), 879-884. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.15


Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherPublication Ethics and Publication Malpractice StatementConflict of Interest PolicyPlagiarism PolicyTerms of UseLicense InformationCopyright Information

About Open Veterinary Journal

Open Veterinary Journal provides a fast track coupled with high quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communi ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information

All correspondence should be addressed to:

Prof. Ibrahim Eldaghayes: Owner, Founder and Editor-in-Chief

Open Veterinary Journal


Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli

P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya

and


Eldaghayes Publisher

www.eldagpublisher.com 

Email: ibrahim.eldaghayes@vetmed.edu.ly