E-ISSN 2218-6050 | ISSN 2226-4485
 
2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 2
15 / 2Current Issue ArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles

Research Article


Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy

José Goicochea-vargas, Marisol Warthon-medina, Wilson Rondón-jorge, Fidel Acosta-pachorro, Marcelo Ratto-fuster, Mauricio Silva-jiménez, Ximena Valderrama-linares, Iain Richards, Max Salvatierra-alor.


Abstract
Background:
The limited and detailed literature on total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA), as well as the clinical indications for unilateral ovariectomy in llamas, are not well-defined. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the anesthetic events and the surgical intervention in this species.

Aim:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the intraoperative physiological and clinical parameters in llamas undergoing unilateral ovariectomy, under three protocols of TIVA.

Methods:
Study was conducted with 30 healthy female llamas. Three groups were considered G1: Pre-anaesthetic - xylazine i/v, Induction: ketamine. Maintenance: FLK (fentanyl + lidocaine + ketamine) by continuous infusion. G2: Pre-anaesthetic - midazolam + tramadol + ketamine i/v. Induction – propofol. Maintenance, boluses of 20% of the total induction dose were added if required. G3: Pre-anaesthetic - midazolam + xylazine i/v. Induction: ketamine. Maintenance: with 20% of the total induction.
Physiological parameters were evaluated at 5, 15 and 30 minutes.

Results:
The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rectal temperature (RT) of the groups showed significant differences at some point in the evaluation, presenting a degree of bradycardia and bradypnea in G1 and G2. A drop in SpO2 was seen at minute 5 in all groups, because of respiratory depression post-anaesthetic induction, subsequently the values increased, with better saturation in G2. RT remained similar in the groups until minute 20, then there was a significant decrease in G2. G1 showed significant fluctuations for SpO2 and G2 for RT. The majority of animals from G1 and G3 maintained marked relaxation of the abdomen and limbs, anal sphincter (G3), and mandible (G1). Salivation and tearing were an infrequent sign in G2. All animals from G3 presented some degree of sensitivity of the abdominal wall. The average duration of the surgery was 14 minutes, and the shortest anaesthetic recovery time occurred in G2 (28 minutes).

Conclusion:
The animals of the three groups showed significant differences in their physiological and clinical parameters, in response to the agents used. The G1 protocol: xylazine, ketamine y FLK. Demonstrated better physiological and hemodynamic stability with acceptable level of surgical anaesthesia.

Key words: Xylazine, Ketamine, Propofol, Surgery, South American camelids


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
HTML Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by José Goicochea-Vargas
Articles by Marisol Warthon-Medina
Articles by Wilson Rondón-Jorge
Articles by Fidel Acosta-Pachorro
Articles by Marcelo Ratto-Fuster
Articles by Mauricio Silva-Jiménez
Articles by Ximena Valderrama-Linares
Articles by Iain Richards
Articles by Max Salvatierra-Alor
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Goicochea-vargas J, Warthon-medina M, Rondón-jorge W, Acosta-pachorro F, Ratto-fuster M, Silva-jiménez M, Valderrama-linares X, Richards I, Salvatierra-alor M. Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(11): 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23

Web Style

Goicochea-vargas J, Warthon-medina M, Rondón-jorge W, Acosta-pachorro F, Ratto-fuster M, Silva-jiménez M, Valderrama-linares X, Richards I, Salvatierra-alor M. Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=216150 [Access: March 18, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Goicochea-vargas J, Warthon-medina M, Rondón-jorge W, Acosta-pachorro F, Ratto-fuster M, Silva-jiménez M, Valderrama-linares X, Richards I, Salvatierra-alor M. Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(11): 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Goicochea-vargas J, Warthon-medina M, Rondón-jorge W, Acosta-pachorro F, Ratto-fuster M, Silva-jiménez M, Valderrama-linares X, Richards I, Salvatierra-alor M. Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. Open Vet J. (2024), [cited March 18, 2025]; 14(11): 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


Harvard Style

Goicochea-vargas, J., Warthon-medina, . M., Rondón-jorge, . W., Acosta-pachorro, . F., Ratto-fuster, . M., Silva-jiménez, . M., Valderrama-linares, . X., Richards, . I. & Salvatierra-alor, . M. (2024) Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. Open Vet J, 14 (11), 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


Turabian Style

Goicochea-vargas, José, Marisol Warthon-medina, Wilson Rondón-jorge, Fidel Acosta-pachorro, Marcelo Ratto-fuster, Mauricio Silva-jiménez, Ximena Valderrama-linares, Iain Richards, and Max Salvatierra-alor. 2024. Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (11), 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


Chicago Style

Goicochea-vargas, José, Marisol Warthon-medina, Wilson Rondón-jorge, Fidel Acosta-pachorro, Marcelo Ratto-fuster, Mauricio Silva-jiménez, Ximena Valderrama-linares, Iain Richards, and Max Salvatierra-alor. "Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy." Open Veterinary Journal 14 (2024), 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Goicochea-vargas, José, Marisol Warthon-medina, Wilson Rondón-jorge, Fidel Acosta-pachorro, Marcelo Ratto-fuster, Mauricio Silva-jiménez, Ximena Valderrama-linares, Iain Richards, and Max Salvatierra-alor. "Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy." Open Veterinary Journal 14.11 (2024), 2950-2959. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Goicochea-vargas, J., Warthon-medina, . M., Rondón-jorge, . W., Acosta-pachorro, . F., Ratto-fuster, . M., Silva-jiménez, . M., Valderrama-linares, . X., Richards, . I. & Salvatierra-alor, . M. (2024) Physiological and clinical parameters under different protocols of total intravenous anesthesia in llama (Lama glama) undergoing unilateral ovariectomy. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (11), 2950-2959. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.23


Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherPublication Ethics and Publication Malpractice StatementConflict of Interest PolicyPlagiarism PolicyTerms of UseLicense InformationCopyright Information

About Open Veterinary Journal

Open Veterinary Journal provides a fast track coupled with high quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communi ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information

All correspondence should be addressed to:

Prof. Ibrahim Eldaghayes: Owner, Founder and Editor-in-Chief

Open Veterinary Journal


Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli

P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya

and


Eldaghayes Publisher

www.eldagpublisher.com 

Email: ibrahim.eldaghayes@vetmed.edu.ly