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Research Article


Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke

Brian Christian Sarniem, Tyagita Hartady, Mas Rizky A.a Syamsunarno, Shafia Khairani, Andi Hiroyuki, Nur Atik, Septiyani Septiyani, Faisal Amri Satrio, Briliant Maharani.


Abstract
Background:
Exposure to cigarette smoke, whether from traditional or electronic sources, is a growing health concern affecting both humans and animals, while electronic cigarettes (vapes) are often marketed as a safer alternative, evidence supporting their reduced toxicity is still lacking.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the pathological effects of traditional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure in rats, particularly focusing on respiratory and reproductive organs.

Methods:
A total of 32 male rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8 per group): control group (no exposure), a traditional cigarette smoke exposure group, an electronic cigarette vapour exposure group, and a combined exposure group. Smoke exposure was administered daily for a specific period. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of lung and testicular tissues were conducted using a semiquantitative scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, with P < 0.05 considered significant.

Results:
Significant pathological differences (P < 0.05) were observed between all exposed groups and the control group. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among the three smoke-exposed groups. Common pathological findings included nodules, fibrosis, emphysema, testicular vacuolization, decreased spermatogenesis, and degenerative changes.

Conclusion:
Exposure to both traditional and electronic cigarette smoke induced comparable pathological changes in lung and testicular tissues. These findings suggest that electronic cigarettes may pose similar health risks as conventional cigarettes, emphasising the need for caution in their use and further investigation into their safety profile.

Key words: Cigarette; Electronic cigarette; Pathology; Secondhand smoker; Toxicology.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sarniem BC, Hartady T, Syamsunarno MRA, Khairani S, Hiroyuki A, Atik N, Septiyani S, Satrio FA, Maharani B. Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(2): 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20

Web Style

Sarniem BC, Hartady T, Syamsunarno MRA, Khairani S, Hiroyuki A, Atik N, Septiyani S, Satrio FA, Maharani B. Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=268411 [Access: February 27, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sarniem BC, Hartady T, Syamsunarno MRA, Khairani S, Hiroyuki A, Atik N, Septiyani S, Satrio FA, Maharani B. Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(2): 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sarniem BC, Hartady T, Syamsunarno MRA, Khairani S, Hiroyuki A, Atik N, Septiyani S, Satrio FA, Maharani B. Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited February 27, 2026]; 16(2): 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


Harvard Style

Sarniem, B. C., Hartady, . T., Syamsunarno, . M. R. A., Khairani, . S., Hiroyuki, . A., Atik, . N., Septiyani, . S., Satrio, . F. A. & Maharani, . B. (2026) Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. Open Vet. J., 16 (2), 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


Turabian Style

Sarniem, Brian Christian, Tyagita Hartady, Mas Rizky A.a Syamsunarno, Shafia Khairani, Andi Hiroyuki, Nur Atik, Septiyani Septiyani, Faisal Amri Satrio, and Briliant Maharani. 2026. Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (2), 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


Chicago Style

Sarniem, Brian Christian, Tyagita Hartady, Mas Rizky A.a Syamsunarno, Shafia Khairani, Andi Hiroyuki, Nur Atik, Septiyani Septiyani, Faisal Amri Satrio, and Briliant Maharani. "Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sarniem, Brian Christian, Tyagita Hartady, Mas Rizky A.a Syamsunarno, Shafia Khairani, Andi Hiroyuki, Nur Atik, Septiyani Septiyani, Faisal Amri Satrio, and Briliant Maharani. "Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke." Open Veterinary Journal 16.2 (2026), 987-998. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sarniem, B. C., Hartady, . T., Syamsunarno, . M. R. A., Khairani, . S., Hiroyuki, . A., Atik, . N., Septiyani, . S., Satrio, . F. A. & Maharani, . B. (2026) Pathological findings of respiratory and reproductive organs in male rats exposed to tobacco and electronic cigarette smoke. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (2), 987-998. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.20


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