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2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 2
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Original Article


Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus)

Liga Kovalcuka, David Leonard Williams, Dmitrijs Boiko.


Cited By:8

Abstract
Objective. To determine the normal range of tear production and values of intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal eyes of Whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus).
Animals. A total of 86 birds: 81 cygnets (6-10 weeks old) and 5 moulting – adult swans (3-6 years old) were examined in this study.
Procedure. Both eyes of all birds underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of tear production with the phenol red thread test (PRTT) and the assessment of the intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry, employing the TonoVet® device.
Results. The mean ± standard deviation of PRTT values were as follows: all cygnets (81) 22.59 ±3.48mm/15s, male cygnets (45) 22.64 ±3.54mm/15s, female cygnets (36) 22.53 ±3.44mm/15s. IOP was as follows: all cygnets 11.30 ± 3.55 mmHg, male cygnets 10.93 ± 3.56 mmHg, female cygnets 11.74 ± 3.50 mmHg. No statistically significant differences between right and left eye and between female and male cygnets were found for IOP and PRTT values.
Conclusion. This study provides the reference values for the PRTT and IOP in healthy Whooper swan cygnets, showing that PRTT determination of the tear production and rebound tonometry to evaluate the IOP methods are practical methods for ophthalmic examination in swans.
valuate the IOP methods are practical methods for ophthalmic examination in swans.

Key words: avian, eye, tear production, phenol red thread test, intraocular pressure, Whooper swan, cygnet.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Kovalcuka L, Williams DL, Boiko D. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). Open Vet J. 2018; 8(3): 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14

Web Style

Kovalcuka L, Williams DL, Boiko D. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=282325 [Access: March 18, 2025]. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Kovalcuka L, Williams DL, Boiko D. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). Open Vet J. 2018; 8(3): 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Kovalcuka L, Williams DL, Boiko D. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). Open Vet J. (2018), [cited March 18, 2025]; 8(3): 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


Harvard Style

Kovalcuka, L., Williams, . D. L. & Boiko, . D. (2018) Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). Open Vet J, 8 (3), 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


Turabian Style

Kovalcuka, Liga, David Leonard Williams, and Dmitrijs Boiko. 2018. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). Open Veterinary Journal, 8 (3), 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


Chicago Style

Kovalcuka, Liga, David Leonard Williams, and Dmitrijs Boiko. "Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus)." Open Veterinary Journal 8 (2018), 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Kovalcuka, Liga, David Leonard Williams, and Dmitrijs Boiko. "Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus)." Open Veterinary Journal 8.3 (2018), 335-339. Print. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Kovalcuka, L., Williams, . D. L. & Boiko, . D. (2018) Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). Open Veterinary Journal, 8 (3), 335-339. doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14


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