Abstract
Background:
Reproductive efficiency is a critical factor in the productivity and profitability of cattle farming, especially within smallholder systems prevalent in regions like South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus) are a local beef cattle breed originating from Indonesia, specifically from the island of Bali Indonesia. These cattle are known for their high adaptability to tropical environmental conditions and minimal feed requirements, making them ideal for small-scale farming systems. In terms of usage, Bali cattle are primarily utilized to produce high-quality beef. Reproductive disorders can lead to substantial economic losses due to reduced fertility, increased calving intervals, and higher veterinary costs. Identifying the prevalence and causes of these disorders is crucial for developing effective management strategies.

Aim:
The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the incidence of reproductive disorders in Bali cows kept under smallholder farms in South Sulawesi.

Methods:
The study was conducted on Bali cows aged over 2 years that raised traditionally on smallholder farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 283 Bali cows was selected as sampling randomly. The location selection was carried out purposively with the consideration that there were Bali cows at that location.

Results:
The results of this study showed that 70.3% of Bali cows had normal reproductive status and the remaining 29.7% of cows suffered from reproduction disorders. A trend is observed in the proportion of Bali cows experiencing reproductive disorders compared to normal Bali cows in relation to age, parity, and BCS. For age and parity, there is a tendency for similar proportions between reproductive disorders and normal Bali cows. Thus, there is no significant relationship between these two factors and the occurrence of reproductive disorders. On the other hand, for BCS, a different trend is observed between Bali cows experiencing reproductive disorders and normal Bali cows. Therefore, BCS influences the occurrence of reproductive disorders in these Bali cows.

Conclusion:
This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of reproductive disorders within a sample population. The results underscore the importance of continued study in this area to enhance our understanding of reproductive health issues.

Key words: Age, Bali cow, Parity, Reproductive disorder, Smallholder farm