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Research Article


Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens

Larissa Alexsandra Felix, Beatriz Monte Egito, Diego Diaz David, Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo, Sheila Rezler Wosiacki, Marcos Ferrante.


Abstract
Background:
Enrofloxacin is one of the most used antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract diseases in poultry farming worldwide. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling is a strategy that allows dose optimization for antibiotic therapy by considering relevant bacteria’s microbiological aspects.

Aim:
This study aimed to establish a pharmacokinetic model of enrofloxacin in broilers using a nonlinear mixed-effects Model (NLMEM) and predict the effectiveness of various oral dosing regimens across a distribution of E. coli minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for two PK/PD targets (fAUC24/MIC ≥ 125 and fAUC24/MIC = 28.32).

Methods:
A PK model was constructed using the Monolix 2024R1 software based on data from Kruse (2008), which involved 12 clinically healthy male Cobb broilers (38–40 days old, 2.27 ± 0.95 kg). This model served as the basis for Monte Carlo simulations (single oral dose of 10, 20, 30, and 50 mg/kg) and the probability of target attainment (PTA) analysis. The PTA for each protocol was evaluated according to the distribution of MICs considering two PK/PD targets to ensure a comprehensive assessment of treatment efficacy.

Results:
The best-fit PK model that evaluated the PK of enrofloxacin following intravenous and oral administration was a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and linear elimination. Given the calculated epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) value of 0.125 μg/mL, a dose of 10 mg/kg is adequate for the fAUC24/MIC≥28.32 target, but insufficient for the fAUC24/MIC≥125 target, which requires a higher dose of 20 mg/kg.

Conclusion:
The PK/PD approach applied in Cobb broiler chickens demonstrates the potential for dose optimization based on MIC distribution, supporting Antimicrobial Stewardship efforts. However, further complementary studies are required to evaluate the predictive capabilities of these indices and to establish the optimal PK/PD targets for in vivo efficacy.

Key words: Antibiotic therapy; Poultry farming; E. coli; Pharmacometrics; PK/PD modeling.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Felix LA, Egito BM, David DD, Zangeronimo MG, Wosiacki SR, Ferrante M. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(9): 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52

Web Style

Felix LA, Egito BM, David DD, Zangeronimo MG, Wosiacki SR, Ferrante M. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=242668 [Access: October 07, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Felix LA, Egito BM, David DD, Zangeronimo MG, Wosiacki SR, Ferrante M. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(9): 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Felix LA, Egito BM, David DD, Zangeronimo MG, Wosiacki SR, Ferrante M. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited October 07, 2025]; 15(9): 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


Harvard Style

Felix, L. A., Egito, . B. M., David, . D. D., Zangeronimo, . M. G., Wosiacki, . S. R. & Ferrante, . M. (2025) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Open Vet. J., 15 (9), 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


Turabian Style

Felix, Larissa Alexsandra, Beatriz Monte Egito, Diego Diaz David, Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo, Sheila Rezler Wosiacki, and Marcos Ferrante. 2025. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (9), 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


Chicago Style

Felix, Larissa Alexsandra, Beatriz Monte Egito, Diego Diaz David, Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo, Sheila Rezler Wosiacki, and Marcos Ferrante. "Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Felix, Larissa Alexsandra, Beatriz Monte Egito, Diego Diaz David, Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo, Sheila Rezler Wosiacki, and Marcos Ferrante. "Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens." Open Veterinary Journal 15.9 (2025), 4454-4469. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Felix, L. A., Egito, . B. M., David, . D. D., Zangeronimo, . M. G., Wosiacki, . S. R. & Ferrante, . M. (2025) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic efficacy prediction indices, and Monte Carlo simulations of enrofloxacin for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (9), 4454-4469. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.52


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