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Research Article 


The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status

Suzanita Utama, Fachruddin Aziz, Syaiful Rizal, Sri Mulyati, Imam Mustofa, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Tita Damayanti Lestari, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Latifah Latifah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Lili Anggraini, Ertika Fitri Lisnanti, Chairdin Dwi Nugraha, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori.


Abstract
Background: The small holders dairy farming is the largest fresh milk producer in Indonesia. Reproduction depends on dietary proteins, and raised blood or milk urea, increased dietary crude proteins, and increased dietary protein degradability.
Aim: The aim of this study was to find out whether concentrate intake given to Friesian Holstein dairy cow in smallholder farms affects the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estrogen, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1).
Methods: Gradually, the sample was chosen from among 100, 50, and 21 dairy cows using the equality of variables as the control variable. Blood samples were taken concurrently on the seventh day (D+7), D+22 (D+22), and artificial insemination (D0). Three months following insemination, the pregnancy examination was conducted using the rectal palpation technique.
Results: The results showed that milk production and BUN levels increased (p<0.05) along with increasing concentrate intake to a certain limit. Pregnancy and BUN-based estrogen levels on D0 and D+7 did not differ substantially (P>0.05) across the groups. In contrast to the group of non-pregnant cows with low BUN, the estrogen concentrations in the pregnant cows with low BUN and the non-pregnant cows with high BUN were lower on D+22 (P<0.05). IGF-1 levels in pregnant cows were higher (p<0.05) on D0, D+7 and D+22 at unbalanced IGF-1 levels in cows with BUN ≥ 18 or <18 mg/dl.
Conclusion: This research is an effort to increase milk production by increasing concentrate intake must pay attention BUN level which turns up level of IGF-1, S/C and CI.

Key words: BUN, estrogen, IGF-1, milk yield, pregnancy


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Utama S, Aziz F, Rizal S, Mulyati S, Mustofa I, Khairullah AR, Lestari TD, Ahmad RZ, Latifah L, Akintunde AO, Anggraini L, Lisnanti EF, Nugraha CD, Ansori ANM. The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(7): 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9

Web Style

Utama S, Aziz F, Rizal S, Mulyati S, Mustofa I, Khairullah AR, Lestari TD, Ahmad RZ, Latifah L, Akintunde AO, Anggraini L, Lisnanti EF, Nugraha CD, Ansori ANM. The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=241574 [Access: August 08, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Utama S, Aziz F, Rizal S, Mulyati S, Mustofa I, Khairullah AR, Lestari TD, Ahmad RZ, Latifah L, Akintunde AO, Anggraini L, Lisnanti EF, Nugraha CD, Ansori ANM. The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(7): 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Utama S, Aziz F, Rizal S, Mulyati S, Mustofa I, Khairullah AR, Lestari TD, Ahmad RZ, Latifah L, Akintunde AO, Anggraini L, Lisnanti EF, Nugraha CD, Ansori ANM. The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited August 08, 2025]; 15(7): 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


Harvard Style

Utama, S., Aziz, . F., Rizal, . S., Mulyati, . S., Mustofa, . I., Khairullah, . A. R., Lestari, . T. D., Ahmad, . R. Z., Latifah, . L., Akintunde, . A. O., Anggraini, . L., Lisnanti, . E. F., Nugraha, . C. D. & Ansori, . A. N. M. (2025) The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. Open Vet J, 15 (7), 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


Turabian Style

Utama, Suzanita, Fachruddin Aziz, Syaiful Rizal, Sri Mulyati, Imam Mustofa, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Tita Damayanti Lestari, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Latifah Latifah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Lili Anggraini, Ertika Fitri Lisnanti, Chairdin Dwi Nugraha, and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori. 2025. The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (7), 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


Chicago Style

Utama, Suzanita, Fachruddin Aziz, Syaiful Rizal, Sri Mulyati, Imam Mustofa, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Tita Damayanti Lestari, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Latifah Latifah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Lili Anggraini, Ertika Fitri Lisnanti, Chairdin Dwi Nugraha, and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori. "The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Utama, Suzanita, Fachruddin Aziz, Syaiful Rizal, Sri Mulyati, Imam Mustofa, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Tita Damayanti Lestari, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Latifah Latifah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Lili Anggraini, Ertika Fitri Lisnanti, Chairdin Dwi Nugraha, and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori. "The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status." Open Veterinary Journal 15.7 (2025), 2982-2992. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Utama, S., Aziz, . F., Rizal, . S., Mulyati, . S., Mustofa, . I., Khairullah, . A. R., Lestari, . T. D., Ahmad, . R. Z., Latifah, . L., Akintunde, . A. O., Anggraini, . L., Lisnanti, . E. F., Nugraha, . C. D. & Ansori, . A. N. M. (2025) The percentage of concentrate intake, daily milk yield, serum IGF-1, and estrogen level of small holders dairy cows based on blood urea nitrogen and pregnancy status. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (7), 2982-2992. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.9


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