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Research Article


Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings

Mohammed Eleid, Mahmoud Elalfy, Ahmed M.a. Meligy, Alaa Fehaid, Mostafa A. Elmadawy, Zakriya A. Al Mohamad, Khalid M. Alkhodair, Ayman Elnahas.


Abstract
Background:
The use of ultrasound imaging in veterinary forensic medicine is a growing field that offers a noninvasive and efficient method for assessing postmortem changes in dogs.

Aim:
This study aimed to explore the usefulness’ of ultrasound image modality to identify the PMI and distinguish between antemortem and postmortem features in euthanized dogs.

Methods:
This study investigated the utility of ultrasonography in estimating the postmortem time interval (PMI), which is a critical factor in determining the time since death in forensic cases involving canines. Traditional PMI estimation methods rely heavily on external signs, such as rigor mortis, livor mortis, and body temperature, which can be influenced by environmental factors.

Results:
Ultrasound provides a more consistent and objective tool by allowing internal visualization of changes in soft tissue and organs over time. Ultrasound was examined on canine cadavers at specific intervals postmortem to monitor internal decomposition processes. Key ultrasonographic markers, such as the presence of intraorgan gas, fluid accumulation, and changes in organ echogenicity, were analyzed and correlated with the elapsed time since death. These internal indicators progress in a predictable sequence, providing a reliable framework for PMI estimation. The study demonstrated that Ultrasound has proven effective in detecting minor internal alterations during PMI studies, especially in the liver, owing to its substantial blood volume and anatomical location in the lower abdomen that contribute to improved accuracy in forensic assessments.

Conclusion:
The findings support the integration of ultrasonography into standard forensic protocols for veterinary cases. The ability to differentiate antemortem from postmortem changes and estimate PMI noninvasively makes it a valuable tool for veterinary pathologists, legal authorities, and animal welfare investigators. Rapid, repeatable, and ultrasound imaging has significant promise in advancing the field of veterinary forensic science.

Key words: Euthanized dogs, Ultrasound imaging, Antemortem, Postmortem, PMI


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Eleid M, Elalfy M, Meligy AM, Fehaid A, Elmadawy MA, Mohamad ZAA, Alkhodair KM, Elnahas A. Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(7): 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37

Web Style

Eleid M, Elalfy M, Meligy AM, Fehaid A, Elmadawy MA, Mohamad ZAA, Alkhodair KM, Elnahas A. Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=263369 [Access: August 31, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Eleid M, Elalfy M, Meligy AM, Fehaid A, Elmadawy MA, Mohamad ZAA, Alkhodair KM, Elnahas A. Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(7): 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Eleid M, Elalfy M, Meligy AM, Fehaid A, Elmadawy MA, Mohamad ZAA, Alkhodair KM, Elnahas A. Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited August 31, 2025]; 15(7): 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


Harvard Style

Eleid, M., Elalfy, . M., Meligy, . A. M., Fehaid, . A., Elmadawy, . M. A., Mohamad, . Z. A. A., Alkhodair, . K. M. & Elnahas, . A. (2025) Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. Open Vet. J., 15 (7), 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


Turabian Style

Eleid, Mohammed, Mahmoud Elalfy, Ahmed M.a. Meligy, Alaa Fehaid, Mostafa A. Elmadawy, Zakriya A. Al Mohamad, Khalid M. Alkhodair, and Ayman Elnahas. 2025. Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (7), 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


Chicago Style

Eleid, Mohammed, Mahmoud Elalfy, Ahmed M.a. Meligy, Alaa Fehaid, Mostafa A. Elmadawy, Zakriya A. Al Mohamad, Khalid M. Alkhodair, and Ayman Elnahas. "Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Eleid, Mohammed, Mahmoud Elalfy, Ahmed M.a. Meligy, Alaa Fehaid, Mostafa A. Elmadawy, Zakriya A. Al Mohamad, Khalid M. Alkhodair, and Ayman Elnahas. "Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings." Open Veterinary Journal 15.7 (2025), 3269-3276. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Eleid, M., Elalfy, . M., Meligy, . A. M., Fehaid, . A., Elmadawy, . M. A., Mohamad, . Z. A. A., Alkhodair, . K. M. & Elnahas, . A. (2025) Ultrasound imaging identifies the antemortem and postmortem features: PMI in euthanized dogs with an implication of cause of death may mask the imaging findings. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (7), 3269-3276. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.37


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