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2026, Vol: 16, Issue: 8
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Research Article


Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study

Kiyeon Son, Youngmi Youk, Mungyu Song, Hyoyoung Jung, Joonghyun Song.


Abstract
Background:
Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly aggressive malignant neoplasm of vascular endothelial origin in dogs, exhibiting pathophysiological and molecular features analogous to human angiosarcoma. β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) are significantly upregulated in human angiosarcoma, and β-AR antagonists are under investigation as potential therapeutics.

Aim:
This study aimed to quantify β₁- and β₂-AR expression in canine splenic HSA tissue relative to non-neoplastic splenic tissue.

Methods:
Splenic tissue samples were obtained from ten client-owned dogs—four with splenic HSA and six with non-neoplastic nodular lesions (NNL), including nodular hyperplasia (NH) and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH)—and subjected to immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis using primary antibodies targeting β₁- and β₂-AR. Quantification of IHC expression was conducted using the histochemical score (H-score) and immunoreactive score (IRS).

Results:
Compared with NNL tissues, HSA specimens showed higher β₁-AR immunoreactivity (H-score: 30.74 vs. 1.78, respectively, p < 0.01; IRS: 2.45 vs. 0.52, respectively, p < 0.05) and β₂-AR immunoreactivity (H-score: 100.50 vs. 1.69, respectively, p < 0.01; IRS: 7.36 vs. 0.50, respectively, p < 0.01). Within HSA tissues, β₂-AR expression was higher than β₁-AR (H-score: 100.50 vs. 30.74, respectively, p < 0.05; IRS: 7.36 vs. 2.45, respectively, p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
These findings demonstrate marked β-AR overexpression, especially β₂-AR, in canine splenic HSA and provide foundational tissue-level evidence for further investigation into the pathophysiological role and therapeutic relevance of β-adrenergic signaling in HSA.

Key words: Angiosarcoma; Beta-adrenergic receptor; Dogs; Hemangiosarcoma; Spleen.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Son K, Youk Y, Song M, Jung H, Song J. Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70

Web Style

Son K, Youk Y, Song M, Jung H, Song J. Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=319555 [Access: August 20, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Son K, Youk Y, Song M, Jung H, Song J. Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Son K, Youk Y, Song M, Jung H, Song J. Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited August 20, 2026]; 16(8): 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


Harvard Style

Son, K., Youk, . Y., Song, . M., Jung, . H. & Song, . J. (2026) Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Open Vet. J., 16 (8), 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


Turabian Style

Son, Kiyeon, Youngmi Youk, Mungyu Song, Hyoyoung Jung, and Joonghyun Song. 2026. Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


Chicago Style

Son, Kiyeon, Youngmi Youk, Mungyu Song, Hyoyoung Jung, and Joonghyun Song. "Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Son, Kiyeon, Youngmi Youk, Mungyu Song, Hyoyoung Jung, and Joonghyun Song. "Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study." Open Veterinary Journal 16.8 (2026), 5821-5829. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Son, K., Youk, . Y., Song, . M., Jung, . H. & Song, . J. (2026) Beta-adrenergic receptor expression in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma versus non-neoplastic nodular splenic lesions: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5821-5829. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.70


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