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Research Article


Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential

Seyedeh Mina Masoumi, Mohammad Reza Youssefi, Seyed Shapoor Reza Shojaei.


Abstract
Background:
Chronic toxoplasmosis has been strongly implicated in the development of psychosis and schizophrenia. Additionally, the understanding of schizophrenia has been significantly reshaped by insights into N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction.
Aim:
This study aimed to compare the behavioral, antioxidant, and NMDAR changes in mice subjected to Toxoplasma gondii infection and those treated with ketamine to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms.
Methods:
Sixty male BALB/c mice were divided into six groups: TOXO (infected), KET (ketamine-induced schizophrenia), TOXO+KET, TOXO+SDT (sulfadiazine-trimethoprim treatment), TOXO+KET+SDT, and CON (uninfected). After 10 weeks post-infection, behavioral tests were conducted, brain antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation were analyzed, and NMDA-NR1/NR2A expressions were assessed. TOXO and KET induced distinct behaviors: hyperlocomotion, anxiety, and memory impairment.
Results:
Antioxidant enzyme levels decreased, and lipid peroxidation increased in TOXO and schizophrenic mice brains. NMDAR downregulation, especially NR-1 and NR2A, was evident due to T. gondii and ketamine. Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim ameliorated NMDAR downregulation, but not all of the behavioral alterations.
Conclusion:
Further studies are needed to elucidate specific NMDAR subunit roles in toxoplasmosis-induced pathophysiology, offering potential therapeutic insights. This investigation highlights the intricate relationship between chronic toxoplasmosis, NMDAR dysfunction, and schizophrenia-like behaviors. Insights gained could pave the way for innovative interventions targeting both cognitive and neurological impairments associated with these conditions.

Key words: Antioxidant status, Behavioral alterations, Ketamine, Toxoplasma gondii


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Masoumi SM, Youssefi MR, Shojaei SSR. Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(7): 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13

Web Style

Masoumi SM, Youssefi MR, Shojaei SSR. Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=198580 [Access: August 03, 2024]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Masoumi SM, Youssefi MR, Shojaei SSR. Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(7): 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Masoumi SM, Youssefi MR, Shojaei SSR. Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. Open Vet J. (2024), [cited August 03, 2024]; 14(7): 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


Harvard Style

Masoumi, S. M., Youssefi, . M. R. & Shojaei, . S. S. R. (2024) Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. Open Vet J, 14 (7), 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


Turabian Style

Masoumi, Seyedeh Mina, Mohammad Reza Youssefi, and Seyed Shapoor Reza Shojaei. 2024. Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (7), 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


Chicago Style

Masoumi, Seyedeh Mina, Mohammad Reza Youssefi, and Seyed Shapoor Reza Shojaei. "Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential." Open Veterinary Journal 14 (2024), 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Masoumi, Seyedeh Mina, Mohammad Reza Youssefi, and Seyed Shapoor Reza Shojaei. "Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential." Open Veterinary Journal 14.7 (2024), 1634-1643. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Masoumi, S. M., Youssefi, . M. R. & Shojaei, . S. S. R. (2024) Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (7), 1634-1643. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.13


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