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Review Article


Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions

Suhita Aryaloka, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ima Fauziah, Nanik Hidayatik, Muhammad Agil, M. Gandul Atik Yuliani, Arindita Niatazya Novianti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Syahputra Wibowo, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Mo Awwanah, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu.


Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the orthopox virus, a double-stranded DNA virus which belongs the Poxviridae virus family. It is known to infect both animals (especially monkeys and rodents) and humans and causes a rash similar to smallpox. Humans can become infected with monkeypox virus (MPXV) when they get in close contact with infected animals (zoonotic transmission) or other infected people (human-human transmission) through their body fluids such as mucus, saliva, or even skin sores. Frequently observed symptoms of this disease include fever, headaches, muscle aches, and a rash that initially looks like a tiny bump before becoming a lump that is filled with fluid. Monkeypox symptoms also include an incubation period of 5-21 days, divided into prodromal and eruption phases. Several contributing factors, such as smallpox vaccine discontinuation, widespread intake of infected animal products as a source of protein, high population density, amongst others, have been linked to an increase in the frequency of monkeypox outbreaks. The best course of action for diagnosing individuals who may be suffering with active monkeypox is to collect a sample of skin from the lesion and perform PCR molecular testing. Monkeypox does not presently have a specific therapy; however, supportive care can assist in managing symptoms, such as medication to lower body temperature and pain. Three major orthopoxvirus vaccines have been approved to serve as a preventive measure against monkeypox: LC16, JYNNEOS, and ACAM2000. The discovery that the monkeypox outbreak is communicable both among humans and within a population has sparked new public health worries on the possibility of the outbreak of another viral pandemic. Research and studies are still being conducted in order to gain a deeper understanding of this zoonotic viral disease. This review is therefore focused on deciphering monkeypox, its etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, and control.

Key words: Monkeypox, Viral disease, Public health, Virus, Zoonosis


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Aryaloka S, Khairullah AR, Kusala MKJ, Fauziah I, Hidayatik N, Agil M, Yuliani MGA, Novianti AN, Moses IB, Purnama MTE, Wibowo S, Fauzia KA, Raissa R, Furqoni AH, Awwanah M, Riwu KHP. Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(12): 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1

Web Style

Aryaloka S, Khairullah AR, Kusala MKJ, Fauziah I, Hidayatik N, Agil M, Yuliani MGA, Novianti AN, Moses IB, Purnama MTE, Wibowo S, Fauzia KA, Raissa R, Furqoni AH, Awwanah M, Riwu KHP. Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=214278 [Access: January 21, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Aryaloka S, Khairullah AR, Kusala MKJ, Fauziah I, Hidayatik N, Agil M, Yuliani MGA, Novianti AN, Moses IB, Purnama MTE, Wibowo S, Fauzia KA, Raissa R, Furqoni AH, Awwanah M, Riwu KHP. Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(12): 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Aryaloka S, Khairullah AR, Kusala MKJ, Fauziah I, Hidayatik N, Agil M, Yuliani MGA, Novianti AN, Moses IB, Purnama MTE, Wibowo S, Fauzia KA, Raissa R, Furqoni AH, Awwanah M, Riwu KHP. Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. Open Vet J. (2024), [cited January 21, 2025]; 14(12): 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


Harvard Style

Aryaloka, S., Khairullah, . A. R., Kusala, . M. K. J., Fauziah, . I., Hidayatik, . N., Agil, . M., Yuliani, . M. G. A., Novianti, . A. N., Moses, . I. B., Purnama, . M. T. E., Wibowo, . S., Fauzia, . K. A., Raissa, . R., Furqoni, . A. H., Awwanah, . M. & Riwu, . K. H. P. (2024) Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. Open Vet J, 14 (12), 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


Turabian Style

Aryaloka, Suhita, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ima Fauziah, Nanik Hidayatik, Muhammad Agil, M. Gandul Atik Yuliani, Arindita Niatazya Novianti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Syahputra Wibowo, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Mo Awwanah, and Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu. 2024. Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (12), 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


Chicago Style

Aryaloka, Suhita, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ima Fauziah, Nanik Hidayatik, Muhammad Agil, M. Gandul Atik Yuliani, Arindita Niatazya Novianti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Syahputra Wibowo, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Mo Awwanah, and Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu. "Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions." Open Veterinary Journal 14 (2024), 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Aryaloka, Suhita, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ima Fauziah, Nanik Hidayatik, Muhammad Agil, M. Gandul Atik Yuliani, Arindita Niatazya Novianti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Syahputra Wibowo, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Mo Awwanah, and Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu. "Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions." Open Veterinary Journal 14.12 (2024), 3144-3163. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Aryaloka, S., Khairullah, . A. R., Kusala, . M. K. J., Fauziah, . I., Hidayatik, . N., Agil, . M., Yuliani, . M. G. A., Novianti, . A. N., Moses, . I. B., Purnama, . M. T. E., Wibowo, . S., Fauzia, . K. A., Raissa, . R., Furqoni, . A. H., Awwanah, . M. & Riwu, . K. H. P. (2024) Navigating monkeypox: Identifying risks and implementing solutions. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (12), 3144-3163. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i12.1


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