Abstract
Background:
Corneal squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a rare neoplasm of dogs that can be treated with various modalities, principally by superficial keratectomy (SK) surgery. It is common to treat cSCC with multiple adjunctive therapies, but this may not always be practical for clinicians, clients, or patients.

Aim:
This retrospective study describes the signalment of affected dogs, concurrent medical therapy, and success rate of surgical treatment of cSCC with SK surgery alone or in combination with adjunct therapy.

Methods:
Eligible dogs undergoing SK surgery for histologically confirmed cSCC were selected from medical records (2009-2024) of Animal Eye Care, Melbourne. Records were examined for cSCC recurrence at follow up.

Results:
Between January 2009 and August 2024, 16 eyes from 14 dogs (5 male; 35.7% (37.5% eyes), 9 female; 64.3% (62.5% eyes) had a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of cSCC following SK surgery. All cases were diagnosed within the last nine years. There was a notable predilection of brachycephalic breeds (85.7% of dogs; 81.3% eyes) with pugs the most overrepresented (42.9% of dogs; 37.5% of eyes). The average age at diagnosis was 8.7 years (range 2.1 – 13.8). Tumour recurrence occurred in two cases following incomplete excision, with no tumour recurrence reported following a second SK surgery. Adjunctive therapy was used in four cases and included cryotherapy and topical interferon alpha-2a. At the time of diagnosis, 12 out of 16 eyes had been treated previously with topical immunomodulatory therapy. Prevalence data varied but peaked in 2021 with 0.14% of total patients and 0.82% of all brachycephalic patients diagnosed with cSCC.

Conclusion:
Complete excision of cSCC by SK surgery is effective for preventing the recurrence of cSCC in dogs, even in the absence of adjunctive therapies. Dogs with chronic corneal inflammatory conditions, particularly brachycephalic breeds, are at higher risk for developing cSCC. Corneal SCC should be suspected in middle aged brachycephalic dogs presenting with proliferative, raised, or hyperaemic corneal lesions.

Key words: Canine, Eye, Immunomodulatory, Tacrolimus, Tumour