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Research Article 


Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan

Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Usman Zaheer, Muhammad Farooq Tahir, Rana Muhammad Abdullah, Jabir Ali, Muhammad Abubakar, Riasat Wasee Ullah, Muhammad Akram, Javaria Alam, Usman Talib, Sami Ullah Khan Bahadur, Qadeer Ahsan, Mashkoor Mohsin.


Abstract
Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals is the key strategy to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance.
Aim: A cross-sectional period prevalence survey was conducted to collect AMU data from 12 dairy farms from two provinces (Punjab and KP) in Pakistan.
Methods: AMU data were analyzed using three metrics, i.e., antimicrobial chemical compound (ACC in kg), (mg/PCU), and (DDDA/1,000 animal-days).
Results: The total usage in adult dairy cattle in terms of mg/PCU and treatment incidences across both seasons and all provinces were 6.36 mg/PCU and 26.34 DDDA/1,000 animal-days. However, in adult dairy cattle cumulative AMU across both seasons and provinces was 15.23 kg, 6.36 mg/PCU, and 26.34 DDDA/1,000 animal-days whereas in calves the figures were 1.22 kg, 8.58 mg/PCU, and 36.71 DDDA/1,000 animal-days. Treatment incidences in winter were 23.9% lower in adult dairy cattle and 65% lower in calves compared to summer. In adult dairy cattle, 17.35% of antimicrobials used were HPCIAs.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for countrywide AMU monitoring and regulations on HPCIAs in food animals.

Key words: Antimicrobial Use; Adult Dairy Cattle; Calves; Critically Important Antimicrobials; Pakistan


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Umair M, Zaheer MU, Tahir MF, Abdullah RM, Ali J, Abubakar M, Ullah RW, Akram M, Alam J, Talib U, Bahadur SUK, Ahsan Q, Mohsin M. Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(7): 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27

Web Style

Umair M, Zaheer MU, Tahir MF, Abdullah RM, Ali J, Abubakar M, Ullah RW, Akram M, Alam J, Talib U, Bahadur SUK, Ahsan Q, Mohsin M. Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=233185 [Access: August 15, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Umair M, Zaheer MU, Tahir MF, Abdullah RM, Ali J, Abubakar M, Ullah RW, Akram M, Alam J, Talib U, Bahadur SUK, Ahsan Q, Mohsin M. Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(7): 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Umair M, Zaheer MU, Tahir MF, Abdullah RM, Ali J, Abubakar M, Ullah RW, Akram M, Alam J, Talib U, Bahadur SUK, Ahsan Q, Mohsin M. Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited August 15, 2025]; 15(7): 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


Harvard Style

Umair, M., Zaheer, . M. U., Tahir, . M. F., Abdullah, . R. M., Ali, . J., Abubakar, . M., Ullah, . R. W., Akram, . M., Alam, . J., Talib, . U., Bahadur, . S. U. K., Ahsan, . Q. & Mohsin, . M. (2025) Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. Open Vet J, 15 (7), 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


Turabian Style

Umair, Muhammad, Muhammad Usman Zaheer, Muhammad Farooq Tahir, Rana Muhammad Abdullah, Jabir Ali, Muhammad Abubakar, Riasat Wasee Ullah, Muhammad Akram, Javaria Alam, Usman Talib, Sami Ullah Khan Bahadur, Qadeer Ahsan, and Mashkoor Mohsin. 2025. Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (7), 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


Chicago Style

Umair, Muhammad, Muhammad Usman Zaheer, Muhammad Farooq Tahir, Rana Muhammad Abdullah, Jabir Ali, Muhammad Abubakar, Riasat Wasee Ullah, Muhammad Akram, Javaria Alam, Usman Talib, Sami Ullah Khan Bahadur, Qadeer Ahsan, and Mashkoor Mohsin. "Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Umair, Muhammad, Muhammad Usman Zaheer, Muhammad Farooq Tahir, Rana Muhammad Abdullah, Jabir Ali, Muhammad Abubakar, Riasat Wasee Ullah, Muhammad Akram, Javaria Alam, Usman Talib, Sami Ullah Khan Bahadur, Qadeer Ahsan, and Mashkoor Mohsin. "Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan." Open Veterinary Journal 15.7 (2025), 3156-3176. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Umair, M., Zaheer, . M. U., Tahir, . M. F., Abdullah, . R. M., Ali, . J., Abubakar, . M., Ullah, . R. W., Akram, . M., Alam, . J., Talib, . U., Bahadur, . S. U. K., Ahsan, . Q. & Mohsin, . M. (2025) Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial adult dairy and calves during summer and winter in Pakistan. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (7), 3156-3176. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i7.27


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