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Research Article


Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn

Made Bagus Auriva Mataram, Ulayatul Kustiati, Golda Rani Saragih, Dinda Aliffia, Wilda Bunga Tina Sanjaya, Anisa Putri Aviana, Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia, Bondan Ardiningtyas, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih, Yusril Yusuf, Ika Dewi Ana, Hevi Wihadmadyatami, Dwi Liliek Kusindarta.


Abstract
Background:
Ocimum sanctum is used as a natural treatment for a variety of conditions and has been proven to possess a diverse array of therapeutic functions supported by pharmacological evidence.

Aim:
This study investigated the acute toxicity and determined the safe doses of O. sanctum Linn. ethanolic extracts, commonly used in traditional herbal medicine, using zebrafish embryos and murine models.

Methods: Ac
ute oral toxicity was used on 25 adult male Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken albino mice weighing 35–45 g, which were divided into five groups based on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 423. The O. sanctum Linn. Ethanolic extracts were given once and followed by observation for 15 days, after which the mice were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical, macroscopic, and histopathological organ analysis. The acute toxicity test for zebrafish embryos used five treatment concentrations, where one concentration group used 20 embryos placed on a plate and observed every 24–96 hours. Observations include hatchability, life or death of zebrafish embryos based on the occurrence of embryo coagulation, somite formation, tail release, and observations of abnormalities, including the presence or absence of heart rate.

Results:
The analysis results show the O. sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract proposes no toxicity according to acute oral toxicity in mice model and is considered relatively safe with an LC50 classification of category V (100 mg/L< LC50) in the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test.

Conclusion:
These studies conducted by a combination of mice and zebrafish models have collectively demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of O. sanctum Linn. is safe for use.

Key words: Acute toxicity; Ethanolic extracts; Holy basil; Ocimum sanctum Linn; Zebrafish.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Mataram MBA, Kustiati U, Saragih GR, Aliffia D, Sanjaya WBT, Aviana AP, Salasia SIO, Ardiningtyas B, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Yusuf Y, Ana ID, Wihadmadyatami H, Kusindarta DL. Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(3): 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33

Web Style

Mataram MBA, Kustiati U, Saragih GR, Aliffia D, Sanjaya WBT, Aviana AP, Salasia SIO, Ardiningtyas B, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Yusuf Y, Ana ID, Wihadmadyatami H, Kusindarta DL. Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=258189 [Access: March 31, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mataram MBA, Kustiati U, Saragih GR, Aliffia D, Sanjaya WBT, Aviana AP, Salasia SIO, Ardiningtyas B, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Yusuf Y, Ana ID, Wihadmadyatami H, Kusindarta DL. Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(3): 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Mataram MBA, Kustiati U, Saragih GR, Aliffia D, Sanjaya WBT, Aviana AP, Salasia SIO, Ardiningtyas B, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Yusuf Y, Ana ID, Wihadmadyatami H, Kusindarta DL. Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited March 31, 2026]; 16(3): 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


Harvard Style

Mataram, M. B. A., Kustiati, . U., Saragih, . G. R., Aliffia, . D., Sanjaya, . W. B. T., Aviana, . A. P., Salasia, . S. I. O., Ardiningtyas, . B., Nugrahaningsih, . D. A. A., Yusuf, . Y., Ana, . I. D., Wihadmadyatami, . H. & Kusindarta, . D. L. (2026) Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Open Vet. J., 16 (3), 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


Turabian Style

Mataram, Made Bagus Auriva, Ulayatul Kustiati, Golda Rani Saragih, Dinda Aliffia, Wilda Bunga Tina Sanjaya, Anisa Putri Aviana, Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia, Bondan Ardiningtyas, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih, Yusril Yusuf, Ika Dewi Ana, Hevi Wihadmadyatami, and Dwi Liliek Kusindarta. 2026. Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (3), 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


Chicago Style

Mataram, Made Bagus Auriva, Ulayatul Kustiati, Golda Rani Saragih, Dinda Aliffia, Wilda Bunga Tina Sanjaya, Anisa Putri Aviana, Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia, Bondan Ardiningtyas, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih, Yusril Yusuf, Ika Dewi Ana, Hevi Wihadmadyatami, and Dwi Liliek Kusindarta. "Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Mataram, Made Bagus Auriva, Ulayatul Kustiati, Golda Rani Saragih, Dinda Aliffia, Wilda Bunga Tina Sanjaya, Anisa Putri Aviana, Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia, Bondan Ardiningtyas, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih, Yusril Yusuf, Ika Dewi Ana, Hevi Wihadmadyatami, and Dwi Liliek Kusindarta. "Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn." Open Veterinary Journal 16.3 (2026), 1757-1770. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Mataram, M. B. A., Kustiati, . U., Saragih, . G. R., Aliffia, . D., Sanjaya, . W. B. T., Aviana, . A. P., Salasia, . S. I. O., Ardiningtyas, . B., Nugrahaningsih, . D. A. A., Yusuf, . Y., Ana, . I. D., Wihadmadyatami, . H. & Kusindarta, . D. L. (2026) Integrative use of murine and zebrafish models for acute toxicity observation of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (3), 1757-1770. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.33


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