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Review Article 


Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern

Mohammad Sukmanadi, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Imam Mustofa, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Ima Fauziah, Syahputra Wibowo, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Irma Melati, Bima Putra Pratama, Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan.


Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the etiological agent of glanders, is a zoonotic bacterium primarily affecting equines and occasionally humans. Although rare today, it remains endemic in certain regions and poses a potential threat to both animal and public health. Historically, B. mallei was among the earliest biological agents used in warfare, and its classification as a Category B bioterrorism agent underscores the need for ongoing vigilance. This review is warranted due to several factors: the limited availability of effective treatments or vaccines, the pathogen’s ability to cause severe systemic infections, its diagnostic challenges, and its re-emerging status in some parts of the world. Moreover, growing concern over its potential misuse in bioterrorism highlights the urgency for a comprehensive understanding of the bacterium. The aim of this review is to provide a consolidated overview of B. mallei and glanders, emphasizing pathogenesis, clinical manifestations in animals and humans, diagnostic methods, differential diagnoses, and current prevention strategies. It also discusses the historical use of B. mallei as a biological weapon and its implications for modern biosecurity. By synthesizing existing knowledge, this review contributes to a more structured understanding of glanders and highlights knowledge gaps that require further research. Raising awareness of this neglected zoonosis is essential to strengthen surveillance, improve diagnostic capabilities, and inform policies aimed at mitigating future outbreaks or misuse.

Key words: B. mallei; Bioterrorist; Glanders; Public health; Zoonosis.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sukmanadi M, Khairullah AR, Wardhani BWK, Mustofa I, Aliyah SH, Moses IB, Ahmad RZ, Khalisa AT, Kusala MKJ, Kurniasih DAA, Akintunde AO, Fauziah I, Wibowo S, Furqoni AH, Fauzia KA, Melati I, Pratama BP, Kurniawan Mâ. Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1

Web Style

Sukmanadi M, Khairullah AR, Wardhani BWK, Mustofa I, Aliyah SH, Moses IB, Ahmad RZ, Khalisa AT, Kusala MKJ, Kurniasih DAA, Akintunde AO, Fauziah I, Wibowo S, Furqoni AH, Fauzia KA, Melati I, Pratama BP, Kurniawan Mâ. Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=264563 [Access: October 06, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sukmanadi M, Khairullah AR, Wardhani BWK, Mustofa I, Aliyah SH, Moses IB, Ahmad RZ, Khalisa AT, Kusala MKJ, Kurniasih DAA, Akintunde AO, Fauziah I, Wibowo S, Furqoni AH, Fauzia KA, Melati I, Pratama BP, Kurniawan Mâ. Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sukmanadi M, Khairullah AR, Wardhani BWK, Mustofa I, Aliyah SH, Moses IB, Ahmad RZ, Khalisa AT, Kusala MKJ, Kurniasih DAA, Akintunde AO, Fauziah I, Wibowo S, Furqoni AH, Fauzia KA, Melati I, Pratama BP, Kurniawan Mâ. Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


Harvard Style

Sukmanadi, M., Khairullah, . A. R., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Mustofa, . I., Aliyah, . S. H., Moses, . I. B., Ahmad, . R. Z., Khalisa, . A. T., Kusala, . M. K. J., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Akintunde, . A. O., Fauziah, . I., Wibowo, . S., Furqoni, . A. H., Fauzia, . K. A., Melati, . I., Pratama, . B. P. & Kurniawan, . M. â. (2025) Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


Turabian Style

Sukmanadi, Mohammad, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Imam Mustofa, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Ima Fauziah, Syahputra Wibowo, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Irma Melati, Bima Putra Pratama, and Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan. 2025. Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


Chicago Style

Sukmanadi, Mohammad, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Imam Mustofa, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Ima Fauziah, Syahputra Wibowo, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Irma Melati, Bima Putra Pratama, and Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan. "Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern." doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sukmanadi, Mohammad, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Imam Mustofa, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Ima Fauziah, Syahputra Wibowo, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Irma Melati, Bima Putra Pratama, and Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan. "Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern." doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sukmanadi, M., Khairullah, . A. R., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Mustofa, . I., Aliyah, . S. H., Moses, . I. B., Ahmad, . R. Z., Khalisa, . A. T., Kusala, . M. K. J., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Akintunde, . A. O., Fauziah, . I., Wibowo, . S., Furqoni, . A. H., Fauzia, . K. A., Melati, . I., Pratama, . B. P. & Kurniawan, . M. â. (2025) Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.1


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