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Research Article


Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics

Sutiastuti Wahyuwardani, Ivan Mambaul Munir, Eny Martindah, Susan Maphilindawati Noor, Prima Mei Widiyanti, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, Harimurti Nuradji, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bachtar Bakrie, Lisa Praharani, Difa Widyasari.


Abstract
Background:
Animal welfare (AW) encompasses all matters relating to the physical and mental conditions of animals based on their natural behaviors.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the AW status of duck farms (local laying ducks and Muscovy ducks) across three regencies in West Kalimantan Province: Bengkayang, Sambas, and Sanggau.

Methods:
A purposive sampling technique was applied, with 49 farmers as respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and observations. Non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Goodman and Kruskal’s Gamma) were used due to the ordinal nature and non-normal distribution of variables.

Results:
Farmers’ knowledge of AW was moderate (58.98 ± 11.07), with education showing a strong positive correlation with knowledge (Gamma = 0.576, p < 0.01). Knowledge was also strongly associated with attitude (Gamma = 0.764, p = 0.011), but not with implementation (Gamma = 0.130, p = 0.622). Neither age nor farming experience had a significant effect on knowledge, attitude, or implementation. These findings indicate that while education enhances awareness and attitudes, structural and economic barriers may limit the translation of knowledge into practice.

Conclusion:
Farmers in West Kalimantan should enhance duck farming to meet AW requirements. Additional information and training on good farming practices are required to strengthen implementation.

Key words: Animal welfare; Attitude; Farmers; Knowledge; West Kalimantan.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Wahyuwardani S, Munir IM, Martindah E, Noor SM, Widiyanti PM, Prihandani SS, Nuradji H, Khairullah AR, Bakrie B, Praharani L, Widyasari D. Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6

Web Style

Wahyuwardani S, Munir IM, Martindah E, Noor SM, Widiyanti PM, Prihandani SS, Nuradji H, Khairullah AR, Bakrie B, Praharani L, Widyasari D. Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=272752 [Access: October 31, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Wahyuwardani S, Munir IM, Martindah E, Noor SM, Widiyanti PM, Prihandani SS, Nuradji H, Khairullah AR, Bakrie B, Praharani L, Widyasari D. Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Wahyuwardani S, Munir IM, Martindah E, Noor SM, Widiyanti PM, Prihandani SS, Nuradji H, Khairullah AR, Bakrie B, Praharani L, Widyasari D. Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited October 31, 2025]; 15(10): 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


Harvard Style

Wahyuwardani, S., Munir, . I. M., Martindah, . E., Noor, . S. M., Widiyanti, . P. M., Prihandani, . S. S., Nuradji, . H., Khairullah, . A. R., Bakrie, . B., Praharani, . L. & Widyasari, . D. (2025) Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. Open Vet. J., 15 (10), 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


Turabian Style

Wahyuwardani, Sutiastuti, Ivan Mambaul Munir, Eny Martindah, Susan Maphilindawati Noor, Prima Mei Widiyanti, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, Harimurti Nuradji, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bachtar Bakrie, Lisa Praharani, and Difa Widyasari. 2025. Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (10), 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


Chicago Style

Wahyuwardani, Sutiastuti, Ivan Mambaul Munir, Eny Martindah, Susan Maphilindawati Noor, Prima Mei Widiyanti, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, Harimurti Nuradji, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bachtar Bakrie, Lisa Praharani, and Difa Widyasari. "Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Wahyuwardani, Sutiastuti, Ivan Mambaul Munir, Eny Martindah, Susan Maphilindawati Noor, Prima Mei Widiyanti, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, Harimurti Nuradji, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bachtar Bakrie, Lisa Praharani, and Difa Widyasari. "Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics." Open Veterinary Journal 15.10 (2025), 4865-4872. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Wahyuwardani, S., Munir, . I. M., Martindah, . E., Noor, . S. M., Widiyanti, . P. M., Prihandani, . S. S., Nuradji, . H., Khairullah, . A. R., Bakrie, . B., Praharani, . L. & Widyasari, . D. (2025) Knowledge, attitude, and implementation of animal welfare among duck farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: The role of farmers’ characteristics. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (10), 4865-4872. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.6


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