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Research Article


Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition

Ismah Ulfiyah Azis, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Andi Nimahtul Churriyah, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong, Fahrul Irawan, Erni Damayanti, Masturi Masturi, Rusli Fidriyanto, Tulus Maulana, Aeni Nurlatifah, Sitti Nurhaliza.


Abstract
Background:
The productivity of goats in the tropics is largely hampered by low feeding efficiency and inefficient nutrient utilization. Understanding the breed-specific metabolic response is essential for developing a feeding strategy under low environmental conditions. Metabolomics provides a systemic approach to identifying metabolic changes that would not be detected by conventional biochemical markers.

Aim:
This study aimed to identify breed-specific metabolic differences among tropical goat breeds and identify potential nutritional biomarkers for precision feeding.

Methods:
An integrated biochemical and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic profiling approach was used in Kacang, Etawa crossbred, and Saanen goats (n = 9). Three animals from each breed were included for comparative analysis. An analysis investigation involving analysis was carried out using biochemical, statistical methods ANOVA and multivariate statistics (principal component analysis, and partial least squares–discriminant analysis) in plasma.

Results:
A distinct breed-specific clustering and metabolite patterns characterized the two biotic groups of Saanen goats, which were characterized by enriched carbohydrate-related metabolites, including sorbitol and D-xylose, potentially reflecting increased energy turnover associated with high milk production potential. Compared with the Etawa crossbred goat, the kacang goat (L-alanine), L-isoleucine, L-methionine etc were higher suggesting that glucoseand alanine -aspartate- glutamate metabolism pathway was a predominant pathway supporting energy regulation and protein turnover.

Conclusion:
This study revealed clear breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles among Kacang, Etawa crossbred, and Saanen goats, highlighting distinct carbohydrate- and amino acid–related pathways that underlie differences in energy and protein metabolism. These findings yield preliminary candidate plasma metabolites linked to feed efficiency and environmental adaptation, providing a basis for precision nutrition strategies to improve productivity and sustainability in tropical goat farming.

Key words: Goat breeds; Plasma metabolomics; Nutritional biomarkers; Pathway enrichment; Precision nutrition.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Azis IU, Diansyah AM, Churriyah AN, Dagong MIA, Irawan F, Damayanti E, Masturi M, Fidriyanto R, Maulana T, Nurlatifah A, Nurhaliza S. Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(2): 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9

Web Style

Azis IU, Diansyah AM, Churriyah AN, Dagong MIA, Irawan F, Damayanti E, Masturi M, Fidriyanto R, Maulana T, Nurlatifah A, Nurhaliza S. Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=291936 [Access: February 27, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Azis IU, Diansyah AM, Churriyah AN, Dagong MIA, Irawan F, Damayanti E, Masturi M, Fidriyanto R, Maulana T, Nurlatifah A, Nurhaliza S. Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(2): 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Azis IU, Diansyah AM, Churriyah AN, Dagong MIA, Irawan F, Damayanti E, Masturi M, Fidriyanto R, Maulana T, Nurlatifah A, Nurhaliza S. Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited February 27, 2026]; 16(2): 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


Harvard Style

Azis, I. U., Diansyah, . A. M., Churriyah, . A. N., Dagong, . M. I. A., Irawan, . F., Damayanti, . E., Masturi, . M., Fidriyanto, . R., Maulana, . T., Nurlatifah, . A. & Nurhaliza, . S. (2026) Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. Open Vet. J., 16 (2), 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


Turabian Style

Azis, Ismah Ulfiyah, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Andi Nimahtul Churriyah, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong, Fahrul Irawan, Erni Damayanti, Masturi Masturi, Rusli Fidriyanto, Tulus Maulana, Aeni Nurlatifah, and Sitti Nurhaliza. 2026. Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (2), 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


Chicago Style

Azis, Ismah Ulfiyah, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Andi Nimahtul Churriyah, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong, Fahrul Irawan, Erni Damayanti, Masturi Masturi, Rusli Fidriyanto, Tulus Maulana, Aeni Nurlatifah, and Sitti Nurhaliza. "Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Azis, Ismah Ulfiyah, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Andi Nimahtul Churriyah, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong, Fahrul Irawan, Erni Damayanti, Masturi Masturi, Rusli Fidriyanto, Tulus Maulana, Aeni Nurlatifah, and Sitti Nurhaliza. "Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition." Open Veterinary Journal 16.2 (2026), 847-860. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Azis, I. U., Diansyah, . A. M., Churriyah, . A. N., Dagong, . M. I. A., Irawan, . F., Damayanti, . E., Masturi, . M., Fidriyanto, . R., Maulana, . T., Nurlatifah, . A. & Nurhaliza, . S. (2026) Breed-specific plasma metabolomic profiles of tropical goats as a basis for precision nutrition. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (2), 847-860. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i2.9


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