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Research Article


Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets

Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Maria Oliva Keytimu, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Freshinta Jellia Wibisono, Ummi Rahayu, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, John Yew Huat Tang, Mariana Febrilianti Resilinda Putri, Irfan Alias Kendek, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Bima Putra Pratama, Saifur Rehman, Wasito Wasito, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Ilma Fauziah Ma'ruf.


Abstract
Background:
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common commensal bacterium in poultry, including quails, and is widely used as an indicator to monitor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the livestock sector. The rise of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing strains, particularly those carrying CTX-M genes, represents a major concern within the One Health context. However, data on the occurrence of CTX-M–producing E. coli in quails sold in traditional markets in Surabaya remain limited.

Aim:
This study aimed to detect CTX-M genes in E. coli isolates obtained from quail cloacal swabs from traditional markets in Surabaya and to assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles.

Methods:
A total of 100 cloacal swab samples were collected from quails in five traditional markets. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed using EMBA, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (TSIA, SCA, SIM, MR–VP). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI 2020 guidelines. Isolates resistant to aztreonam were further examined using PCR targeting CTX-M genes.

Results:
Of the 100 samples, 98% were confirmed as E. coli. High resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (50%), tetracycline (33.67%), and aztreonam (20.4%). Four isolates (4.08%) demonstrated multidrug resistance. Among 20 aztreonam-resistant isolates, eight tested PCR-positive for CTX-M genes. Resistance patterns varied among markets, suggesting differing antimicrobial usage or exposure.

Conclusion:
The high prevalence of E. coli and detection of CTX-M–positive isolates indicate that traditional markets may act as reservoirs of ESBL-producing bacteria in quails. These findings underscore the need for strengthened AMR surveillance, improved hygiene practices, and One Health–oriented interventions along the quail production and distribution chain.

Key words: E. coli; ESBL; MDR; Quail; Public health.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Tyasningsih W, Keytimu MO, Khairullah AR, Wibisono FJ, Rahayu U, Effendi MH, Tang JYH, Putri MFR, Kendek IA, Ahmad RZ, Pratama BP, Rehman S, Wasito W, Kurniasih DAA, Maruf IF. Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(5): 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27

Web Style

Tyasningsih W, Keytimu MO, Khairullah AR, Wibisono FJ, Rahayu U, Effendi MH, Tang JYH, Putri MFR, Kendek IA, Ahmad RZ, Pratama BP, Rehman S, Wasito W, Kurniasih DAA, Maruf IF. Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=298658 [Access: May 31, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Tyasningsih W, Keytimu MO, Khairullah AR, Wibisono FJ, Rahayu U, Effendi MH, Tang JYH, Putri MFR, Kendek IA, Ahmad RZ, Pratama BP, Rehman S, Wasito W, Kurniasih DAA, Maruf IF. Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(5): 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Tyasningsih W, Keytimu MO, Khairullah AR, Wibisono FJ, Rahayu U, Effendi MH, Tang JYH, Putri MFR, Kendek IA, Ahmad RZ, Pratama BP, Rehman S, Wasito W, Kurniasih DAA, Maruf IF. Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited May 31, 2026]; 16(5): 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


Harvard Style

Tyasningsih, W., Keytimu, . M. O., Khairullah, . A. R., Wibisono, . F. J., Rahayu, . U., Effendi, . M. H., Tang, . J. Y. H., Putri, . M. F. R., Kendek, . I. A., Ahmad, . R. Z., Pratama, . B. P., Rehman, . S., Wasito, . W., Kurniasih, . D. A. A. & Maruf, . I. F. (2026) Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. Open Vet. J., 16 (5), 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


Turabian Style

Tyasningsih, Wiwiek, Maria Oliva Keytimu, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Freshinta Jellia Wibisono, Ummi Rahayu, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, John Yew Huat Tang, Mariana Febrilianti Resilinda Putri, Irfan Alias Kendek, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Bima Putra Pratama, Saifur Rehman, Wasito Wasito, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, and Ilma Fauziah Maruf. 2026. Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (5), 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


Chicago Style

Tyasningsih, Wiwiek, Maria Oliva Keytimu, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Freshinta Jellia Wibisono, Ummi Rahayu, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, John Yew Huat Tang, Mariana Febrilianti Resilinda Putri, Irfan Alias Kendek, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Bima Putra Pratama, Saifur Rehman, Wasito Wasito, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, and Ilma Fauziah Maruf. "Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Tyasningsih, Wiwiek, Maria Oliva Keytimu, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Freshinta Jellia Wibisono, Ummi Rahayu, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, John Yew Huat Tang, Mariana Febrilianti Resilinda Putri, Irfan Alias Kendek, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Bima Putra Pratama, Saifur Rehman, Wasito Wasito, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, and Ilma Fauziah Maruf. "Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets." Open Veterinary Journal 16.5 (2026), 2849-2859. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Tyasningsih, W., Keytimu, . M. O., Khairullah, . A. R., Wibisono, . F. J., Rahayu, . U., Effendi, . M. H., Tang, . J. Y. H., Putri, . M. F. R., Kendek, . I. A., Ahmad, . R. Z., Pratama, . B. P., Rehman, . S., Wasito, . W., Kurniasih, . D. A. A. & Maruf, . I. F. (2026) Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL–encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (5), 2849-2859. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.27


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