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Review Article


Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review

Adivhaho Khavhadi, Peter Ayodeji Idowu, Mamokoma Cathrine Modiba, Takalani Judas Mpofu.


Abstract
The interplay between gut morphology, cytokine activity, and systemic physiological responses regulates intestinal health in pigs. In this narrative review, 137 studies that illustrate the interrelationship between the villus-crypt structure, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, and organ indices under different nutritional, environmental, and pathogenic stressors were used. Key findings demonstrate stressor-induced villus shrinkage, crypt hyperplasia, and cytokine-mediated inflammation compromising nutrient absorption/barrier integrity with organ indices signalling systemic adaptations, all linked in a conceptual framework integrating gut composition, immunity, and physiology. Therefore, this review suggests the need for multi-omics, standardized morphometric methods, and targeted nutritional interventions in support of the development of intestinal resilience for sustainable pig production

Key words: Gastrointestinal tract; Immune system; Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; Sustainable pig production; Swine physiology.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Khavhadi A, Idowu PA, Modiba MC, Mpofu TJ. Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2

Web Style

Khavhadi A, Idowu PA, Modiba MC, Mpofu TJ. Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=300144 [Access: August 08, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Khavhadi A, Idowu PA, Modiba MC, Mpofu TJ. Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Khavhadi A, Idowu PA, Modiba MC, Mpofu TJ. Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited August 08, 2026]; 16(8): 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


Harvard Style

Khavhadi, A., Idowu, . P. A., Modiba, . M. C. & Mpofu, . T. J. (2026) Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. Open Vet. J., 16 (8), 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


Turabian Style

Khavhadi, Adivhaho, Peter Ayodeji Idowu, Mamokoma Cathrine Modiba, and Takalani Judas Mpofu. 2026. Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


Chicago Style

Khavhadi, Adivhaho, Peter Ayodeji Idowu, Mamokoma Cathrine Modiba, and Takalani Judas Mpofu. "Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Khavhadi, Adivhaho, Peter Ayodeji Idowu, Mamokoma Cathrine Modiba, and Takalani Judas Mpofu. "Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review." Open Veterinary Journal 16.8 (2026), 5014-5039. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Khavhadi, A., Idowu, . P. A., Modiba, . M. C. & Mpofu, . T. J. (2026) Integrating intestinal morphology, cytokine, and organ indices in relation to gut health and physiological adaptation in pigs: Narrative review. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5014-5039. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.2


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