E-ISSN 2218-6050 | ISSN 2226-4485
 

Original Research


Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia

L.W. Tee* and M. Najiah.


Abstract
Bacterial isolates from 30 farmed bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) weighing 500-600 g at Johore, Malaysia with external clinical signs of ulcer, red leg and torticollis were tested for their antibiograms and heavy metal tolerance patterns. A total of 17 bacterial species with 77 strains were successfully isolated and assigned to 21 antibiotics and 4 types of heavy metal (Hg2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, Cu2+). Results revealed that bacteria were resistant against lincomycin (92%), oleandomycin (72.7%) and furazolidone (71.4%) while being susceptible to chloramphenicol and florfenicol at 97.4%. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index for C. freundii, E. coli and M. morganii was high with the value up to 0.71. Bacterial strains were found to exhibit 100 % resistance to chromium and mercury. High correlation of resistance against both antibiotics and heavy metals was found (71.4 to 100%) between bullfrog bacteria isolates, except bacteria that were resistant to kanamycin showed only 25% resistance against Cu2+. Based on the results in this study, bacterial pathogens of bullfrog culture in Johore, Malaysia, were highly resistant to both antibiotics and heavy metals.

Key words: Antibiotics, Heavy metal, Bullfrog, Bacteria.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. Open Vet J. 2011; 1(0): 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39


Web Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=302656807 [Access: March 13, 2024]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. Open Vet J. 2011; 1(0): 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. Open Vet J. (2011), [cited March 13, 2024]; 1(0): 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39



Harvard Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah (2011) Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. Open Vet J, 1 (0), 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39



Turabian Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. 2011. Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. Open Veterinary Journal, 1 (0), 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39



Chicago Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. "Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia." Open Veterinary Journal 1 (2011), 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah. "Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia." Open Veterinary Journal 1.0 (2011), 39-45. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

L.W. Tee and M. Najiah (2011) Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia. Open Veterinary Journal, 1 (0), 39-45. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2011.v1.i0.p39