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Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation

Tri Wijayanto, Ida Nurwati, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Tatar Sumandjar, Ratih Puspita Febrinasari, Vitri Widyaningsih, Paramasari Dirgahayu.


Abstract
Background:
Delayed wound healing is a significant complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). In Indonesia, Peperomia pellucida leaves exhibit anti-inflammatory activity due to their phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Peperomia pellucida Leaf Ethanol Extract (PPLEE) Ointment for healing acute wounds through modulation of angiogenesis, neovascularization, and epithelialization in an acute streptozotocin-Nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rat.

Methods:
A total of 30 rats were randomized into 5 groups. The groups were divided into : Normal (N), Negative Control (C-), Positive Control (C+), Treatment 1, DM rats with 12% ointment (T1), and Treatment 2, DM rats with 16% ointment (T2). Groups C-, C+, T1, and T2 received STZ-NA injections for 5 days. Five groups underwent excision wounds on the backs of rats. All groups received wound care according to the procedure for 15 days. Rats were sacrificed, and tissue was collected for ELISA (TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, MDA, and VEGF), while neovascularization and epithelialization were assessed histopathologically.

Results:
The study clearly showed that topical application of PPLEE at a 16% dose can reduce inflammation, as indicated by markers TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, and MDA (p value < 0.001). The angiogenesis process was better characterized by VEGF (p-value < 0.001), by mature neovascularization tissue (p-value < 0.001), and by epithelialization tissue in the intervention group, which showed almost complete epithelialization (p-value < 0.001). The wound closure fraction showed that the T2 group showed nearly the same wound closure as the N group (p value <0.001), while the T1 group showed no difference with C+.

Conclusion:
Topical PPLEE may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress and support vascular and epithelial regeneration in diabetic rats.

Key words: Angiogenesis; Epithelialization; Neovascularization; Peperomia pellucida leaf extract ointment; Diabetic wound.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Wijayanto T, Nurwati I, Soetrisno S, Sumandjar T, Febrinasari RP, Widyaningsih V, Dirgahayu P. Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24

Web Style

Wijayanto T, Nurwati I, Soetrisno S, Sumandjar T, Febrinasari RP, Widyaningsih V, Dirgahayu P. Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=312139 [Access: August 08, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Wijayanto T, Nurwati I, Soetrisno S, Sumandjar T, Febrinasari RP, Widyaningsih V, Dirgahayu P. Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Wijayanto T, Nurwati I, Soetrisno S, Sumandjar T, Febrinasari RP, Widyaningsih V, Dirgahayu P. Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited August 08, 2026]; 16(8): 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


Harvard Style

Wijayanto, T., Nurwati, . I., Soetrisno, . S., Sumandjar, . T., Febrinasari, . R. P., Widyaningsih, . V. & Dirgahayu, . P. (2026) Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Open Vet. J., 16 (8), 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


Turabian Style

Wijayanto, Tri, Ida Nurwati, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Tatar Sumandjar, Ratih Puspita Febrinasari, Vitri Widyaningsih, and Paramasari Dirgahayu. 2026. Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


Chicago Style

Wijayanto, Tri, Ida Nurwati, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Tatar Sumandjar, Ratih Puspita Febrinasari, Vitri Widyaningsih, and Paramasari Dirgahayu. "Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Wijayanto, Tri, Ida Nurwati, Soetrisno Soetrisno, Tatar Sumandjar, Ratih Puspita Febrinasari, Vitri Widyaningsih, and Paramasari Dirgahayu. "Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation." Open Veterinary Journal 16.8 (2026), 5294-5308. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Wijayanto, T., Nurwati, . I., Soetrisno, . S., Sumandjar, . T., Febrinasari, . R. P., Widyaningsih, . V. & Dirgahayu, . P. (2026) Topical Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract ointment on wound healing in diabetic rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5294-5308. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.24


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