Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows

Daniela Yordanova; Emil Mitev; Teodora Angelova; Daniela Koleva; Milena Mihaylova; Vladislav Valchev; Petar Petrov; Evgeni Videv

doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

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Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 5951-5958

doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows

Daniela Yordanova, Emil Mitev, Teodora Angelova, Daniela Koleva, Milena Mihaylova, Vladislav Valchev, Petar Petrov, Evgeni Videv.

Abstract
Background:
Resource optimization through precision nutrition management is a critical tool for the decarbonization of the dairy sector in the context of the increasing drive toward climate neutrality by 2050.

Aim:
This study was conducted as a before-after intervention field study to examine the impact of a precision automated compound feed production system on production performance and urea levels in milk in dairy cows.

Methods:
The intervention was implemented on a commercial dairy farm in Central Bulgaria (220 Bulgarian Black and White cows; average productivity 8,500–9,000 kg per lactation). A monitored subgroup of 80 cows at 60–150 days in milk (free-range group on deep litter; mean parity 1.8 ± 0.7; body weight 594 ± 38 kg) received the same total mixed ration throughout the study. The conventional compound-feed preparation was replaced by an automated precision installation, and paired 28-day monitoring periods before and after the switch were used for comparison.

Results:
After the transition, the CV of the compound feed fell below 5.0%, indicating optimal homogeneity. Under this condition, milk urea was stabilized at 27.14 mg/dL, compared with 30.22 mg/dL at lower mixing precision. Across the intervention, the average milk urea decreased from 30.01 to 25.94 mg/dL (P < 0.01; Cohen's d = 2.12), whereas the average daily milk yield increased from 28.09 ± 0.36 to 31.57 ± 0.14 kg per cow (P < 0.001; Cohen's d = 2.42).

Conclusion:
Precision automated compound-feed production improved ration homogeneity, reduced milk urea, and increased milk yield, supporting resource optimization for the decarbonization of the dairy sector.

Key words: Compound feed; Dairy cows; Milk yield; Precision automated production; Urea.

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Yordanova D, Mitev E, Angelova T, Koleva D, Mihaylova M, Valchev V, Petrov P, Videv E. Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

Web Style

Yordanova D, Mitev E, Angelova T, Koleva D, Mihaylova M, Valchev V, Petrov P, Videv E. Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=320907 [Access: September 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Yordanova D, Mitev E, Angelova T, Koleva D, Mihaylova M, Valchev V, Petrov P, Videv E. Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Yordanova D, Mitev E, Angelova T, Koleva D, Mihaylova M, Valchev V, Petrov P, Videv E. Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited September 01, 2026]; 16(9): 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

Harvard Style

Yordanova, D., Mitev, . E., Angelova, . T., Koleva, . D., Mihaylova, . M., Valchev, . V., Petrov, . P. & Videv, . E. (2026) Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. Open Vet. J., 16 (9), 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

Turabian Style

Yordanova, Daniela, Emil Mitev, Teodora Angelova, Daniela Koleva, Milena Mihaylova, Vladislav Valchev, Petar Petrov, and Evgeni Videv. 2026. Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

Chicago Style

Yordanova, Daniela, Emil Mitev, Teodora Angelova, Daniela Koleva, Milena Mihaylova, Vladislav Valchev, Petar Petrov, and Evgeni Videv. "Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Yordanova, D., Mitev, . E., Angelova, . T., Koleva, . D., Mihaylova, . M., Valchev, . V., Petrov, . P. & Videv, . E. (2026) Effects of an automated precision compound feed production system on milk yield and milk urea concentration in dairy cows. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 5951-5958. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.5

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