E-ISSN 2218-6050 | ISSN 2226-4485
 

Review Article


Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Siti Rani Ayuti, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Intan Permatasari Hermawan, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Suhita Aryaloka, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Abdullah Hasib, Mira Delima.


Abstract
Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5% to 30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis.

Key words: Food, Salmonella, Salmonellosis, Multidrug resistance, Public health


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Silaen OSM, Lokapirnasari WP, Aryaloka S, Ferasyi TR, Hasib A, Delima M. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(6): 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1


Web Style

Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Silaen OSM, Lokapirnasari WP, Aryaloka S, Ferasyi TR, Hasib A, Delima M. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=187236 [Access: October 13, 2024]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Silaen OSM, Lokapirnasari WP, Aryaloka S, Ferasyi TR, Hasib A, Delima M. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Vet J. 2024; 14(6): 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Silaen OSM, Lokapirnasari WP, Aryaloka S, Ferasyi TR, Hasib A, Delima M. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Vet J. (2024), [cited October 13, 2024]; 14(6): 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1



Harvard Style

Ayuti, S. R., Khairullah, . A. R., Al-Arif, . M. A., Lamid, . M., Warsito, . S. H., Moses, . I. B., Hermawan, . I. P., Silaen, . O. S. M., Lokapirnasari, . W. P., Aryaloka, . S., Ferasyi, . T. R., Hasib, . A. & Delima, . M. (2024) Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Vet J, 14 (6), 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1



Turabian Style

Ayuti, Siti Rani, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Intan Permatasari Hermawan, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Suhita Aryaloka, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Abdullah Hasib, and Mira Delima. 2024. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (6), 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1



Chicago Style

Ayuti, Siti Rani, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Intan Permatasari Hermawan, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Suhita Aryaloka, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Abdullah Hasib, and Mira Delima. "Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions." Open Veterinary Journal 14 (2024), 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Ayuti, Siti Rani, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Intan Permatasari Hermawan, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Suhita Aryaloka, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Abdullah Hasib, and Mira Delima. "Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions." Open Veterinary Journal 14.6 (2024), 1313-1329. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Ayuti, S. R., Khairullah, . A. R., Al-Arif, . M. A., Lamid, . M., Warsito, . S. H., Moses, . I. B., Hermawan, . I. P., Silaen, . O. S. M., Lokapirnasari, . W. P., Aryaloka, . S., Ferasyi, . T. R., Hasib, . A. & Delima, . M. (2024) Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (6), 1313-1329. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.1